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Donald Trump Is Afraid To Say Stephen's Name - Duration: 4:55.
For more infomation >> Donald Trump Is Afraid To Say Stephen's Name - Duration: 4:55. -------------------------------------------
When Suicide Is 'Buzzing Around' - Duration: 5:09.
When Suicide Is 'Buzzing Around'
I have to talk in an utterly personal way about suicide.
My grandmother took her life, and my mother, who struggled against the impulse several times, said, "Suicide puts a fly in your head.
It's always in there, buzzing around.".
The apparent suicides of Kate Spade, the accomplished fashion designer, and Anthony Bourdain, the spirited traveler and chef, occurred the same week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the suicide rate has increased more than 30 percent in half of states in the country since 1999.
Suicide is now a major public health crisis in this rich and blessed land.
It is risky to make generalizations about suicide — whether it appears to have been triggered by depression, job loss, sickness, romance, drink or drugs.
The person who takes their life may feel alone and isolated.
But they leave behind those who love them and who are left to wrestle with sleepless regrets and ceaseless wondering.
Maybe that's why suicides can run in families.
Clarence Hemingway killed himself in 1928.
One of his sons, Leicester, discovered his father's body.
Another son, Ernest, then a young novelist, wrote his mother-in-law: "I'll probably go the same way" — and took his life in 1961, just a few years after winning the Nobel Prize for Literature.
In the years that followed, his sister Ursula and brother Leicester Hemingway also took their lives.
And Margaux Hemingway, the model who was Ernest's granddaughter, took her life in 1996.
Each of their stories was different; but each of them had that fly of a thought of suicide, buzzing in their heads.
And there are ripples from suicide.
Comedian Robin Williams killed himself in 2014, and there was a 10 percent increase in suicides in the four months that followed.
That syndrome is now called "the celebrity suicide effect," what David S.
Fink at Columbia University described to CNN as, "the consequences of a celebrity suicide in the digital era." You have to wonder — worry — whether that might happen now, too.
Someone who struggles with suicide may think it will end their pain.
But it will also inflict a pain that can pass from person to person, one generation to the next.
If you struggle, you can call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255.
Or call 911.
Or walk into a hospital or up to a police officer and say you need help.
Walk into a church, mosque or synagogue.
Walk up to a stranger if you have to — the kindness of strangers can be real.
Do not suffer in silence or isolation.
You can help save others, as well as yourself.
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Some DNA Dismissed As 'Junk' Is Crucial To Embryo Development - Duration: 8:14.
Some DNA Dismissed As 'Junk' Is Crucial To Embryo Development
One of the enduring mysteries of biology is why so much of the DNA in our chromosomes appears to be simply junk.
In fact, about half of the human genome consists of repetitive bits of DNA that cut and paste themselves randomly into our chromosomes, with no obvious purpose.
A study published Thursday finds that some of these snippets may actually play a vital role in the development of embryos.
The noted biologist Barbara McClintock, who died in 1992, discovered these odd bits of DNA decades ago in corn, and dubbed them "jumping genes.
" (She won a Nobel prize for that finding in 1983.
) McClintock's discovery stimulated generations of scientists to seek to understand this bizarre phenomenon.
Some biologists have considered these weird bits of DNA parasites, since they essentially hop around our chromosomes and infect them, sometimes disrupting genes and leaving illness in their wake.
But Miguel Ramalho-Santos, a biologist at the University of California, San Francisco, doesn't like that narrative.
"It seemed like a waste of this real estate in our genome — and in our cells — to have these elements and not have them there for any particular purpose," Ramalho-Santos says.
"So we just asked a very simple question: Could they be doing something that's actually beneficial?".
He and his colleagues focused on a jumping gene called LINE-1; all told, copies of it make up a whopping 20 percent of our entire DNA.
Ramalho-Santos' lab studies embryos, so the team wondered whether LINE-1 played any role in prompting a single fertilized egg to develop into an embryo.
Normally, when biologists want to study one bit of a cell's genetic material, they find a way to eliminate it to see how the cell behaves in its absence.
That's impossible to do in the case of the LINE-1 genes, since that would mean editing out 20 percent of the entire genome, notes postdoctoral researcher Michelle Percharde.
Instead, the scientists devised a way to silence this abundant DNA inside the cells of a mouse embryo to see what would happen.
"What we found was that, instead of it being good for the cells," she says, "the cells did very poorly.
In a series of experiments published in the journal Cell, the scientists conclude that LINE-1 seems to be essential in the earliest stages of an embryo's development.
"That's a very key role," says Ramalho-Santos, "because, as you can imagine, if you can't make a tiny little embryo — if you can't make embryonic stem cells, which are the cells that give rise to the entire body — you don't have any body.
.
His team's discovery hinged, in part, on developing new lab techniques, but Ramalho-Santos says that's not all.
"I think the biggest advancement here was actually a mentality shift.
What's been commonly dismissed as "junk DNA" does clutter the genome, and it's clear that it can also cause harm.
But Ramalho-Santos argues that biologists should also think harder about its function.
Nels Elde, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Utah, agrees — up to a point.
"I might be a little old-fashioned, but I'm still holding onto this notion of junk DNA," Elde says.
"Think of it this way.
If you come into my office and look at the desk, you'll look at it and say, 'This thing is strewn with junk.' And I may say to you, 'Actually that's a very customized filing system that you're looking at.' In fact, I think we're both right.".
Elde believes that these repetitive bits of DNA (known technically as transposable elements) exist primarily because they cut and paste themselves throughout the genome.
They reproduce.
And in that sense they are parasites.
Sometimes they cause disease by disrupting the DNA where they insert themselves.
But sometimes the mutations they cause can lead, for example, to new varieties of crops and new breeds of dogs.
"You can make massive genetic jumps — just in single events — that can really change the course of an entire species," Elde says.
From the point of view of an evolutionary biologist, that's enough reason for them to exist.
But it's increasingly clear that there's even more to the story of these jumping genes.
"These things may be repurposed" to perform other functions in the cell, Elde says.
"And that's what we're starting to discover, and that's what [the new research] paper begins to tackle as well.".
Ramalho-Santos is pursuing these questions as he moves his lab to the University of Toronto, and Percharde says she plans to keep exploring these questions, as well.
Her postdoctoral fellowship is now at an end, so she's moving back to London to continue her research career.
The two are not alone in finding this a fruitful line of research.
Elde says this idea is starting to gain momentum, as scientists figure out new ways to explore this fascinating realm of biology.
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Hot milk but this is f-cking old (kinda like my first video) - Duration: 0:15.
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