» CATHY: OKAY. SO MY NAME IS CATHY BODINE. I'M AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN BIOENGINEERING AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AND ALSO AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN PEDIATRICS PHYSICAL
MEDICINE AND REHAB AND ORTHOPEDICS. SO BASICALLY, I SERVE AT THE NEXUS BETWEEN
ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE AND IT'S A ROLE THAT I ABSOLUTELY LOVE.
WHAT I AM HERE TO TALK ABOUT TODAY IS HOW THE HUMAN FACTORS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING
TECHNOLOGIES IN THIS NEW WORLD OF EDGE COMPUTING, YOU KNOW -- AND WE'LL EXPLAIN WHAT EDGE
COMPUTING IS FOR THOSE THAT MAYBE HAVEN'T HEARD THAT YET -- AND WE ONLY HAVE 30 MINUTES,
SO I AM GOING TO MOVE QUICKLY.
SO THE FIRST THING I WANT TO MAKE A POINT OF SAYING IS THAT DESIGNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE AND OTHER IMPAIRMENTS IS TRICKY STUFF, YOU KNOW. IT'S NOT FOR THE
FAINT OF HEART. AND IT REQUIRES A GREAT DEAL OF CARE AND CONSIDERATION IN ORDER TO DO A
REALLY TRULY EXCELLENT JOB.
SO WE'RE GOING TO START, FIRST OF ALL, WHAT IS EDGE -- WHO KNOWS WHAT EDGE COMPUTING
IS? YOU HEARD THIS TERM YET? OOH!
GOT ONE OVER THERE. WHAT IS IT?
» AUDIENCE: (INAUDIBLE)
» CATHY: EXCELLENT!
» AUDIENCE: (INAUDIBLE)
» CATHY: YOU GO TO THE HEAD OF THE CLASS. EXACTLY!
EDGE TECHNOLOGY AND WE JUST GOT WITH MY PROGRAM AT CU AND GEORGIA TECH AND UNIVERSITY OF
DELAWARE JUST COLLABORATED ON A NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GRANT ON DEVELOPING A
RESEARCH CENTER ON EDGE TECHNOLOGY, SO I AM PRETTY EXCITED ABOUT IT BUT WHAT IS IT? EDGE
COMPUTING IS BASICALLY THIS NOTION -- IF YOU THINK ABOUT ALL THE SENSOR TECHNOLOGY THAT'S
OUT THERE AND ALL THIS COOL STUFF THAT'S HAPPENING, THE ONE THING THAT ALL OF THESE
TECHNOLOGIES HAVE IN COMMON IS THEY ARE CAPTURING MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF DATA. THEY ARE
MANIPULATING MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF DATA AND IF YOU HAVE TO SEND ALL OF THAT DATA IN ONE
CHUNK TO THE CLOUD, WHAT HAPPENS WITH YOUR SPEED OF PROCESSING? YOU HAVE A LOT OF DATA,
WHAT HAPPENS? SLOWS DOWN. THAT'S RIGHT. EDGE COMPUTING, ESSENTIALLY, BREAKS UP THAT
DATA AND IT GETS PROCESSED LOCALLY IN SMALLER SERVER SETTINGS, RIGHT? AND THEN, IT CAN
BE UPLOADED TO THE CLOUD. THAT'S WHERE WE GET OUR REALTIME INSTANTANEOUS
FEEDBACK. THAT'S WHERE WE GET EVERYTHING WE NEED. SO IF YOU ARE IN DISABILITY
TECHNOLOGY LIKE I AM, YOUR BRAIN IS GOING NUTS BECAUSE YOU ARE THINKING OF ALL THIS COOL
STUFF THAT WE CAN NOW DO WITH THIS BECAUSE IT'S GOING TO MAKE THIS DATA MAKE SENSE. AND
I DO WANT TO POINT OUT, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY OF COGNITIVE TECHNOLOGIES, IN
PARTICULAR, WE NOW HAVE LOT AND LOT OF DATA, BUT WE HAVE TO KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THAT
DATA, RIGHT? IN ORDER TO CREATE TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE GOING TO BE USEFUL AND USABLE BY
PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. AND SO IT'S A REALLY COOL, NEW CHALLENGE. IT ENABLES
US TO DO THINGS THAT WE COULDN'T DO BEFORE. SO FOR THE PEOPLE THAT ARE FUTURIST AND THE
FOLKS THAT ARE REALLY OUT THERE THINKING, YOU KNOW, THE LITTLE WHEELS ARE TURNING RIGHT
NOW.
WHAT IT MEANS IS IT'S BETTER AND IT'S FASTER AND WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT I.O.T.
OR BET THEY ARE OF THINGS, ALL THE THINS THAT I AM TALKING ABOUT, FOR EXAMPLE, AWE TON
YOU VEHICLES. HOW MANY DATA POINTS ARE GOING ON EVERY MINUTE IN AN AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLE. IF WE WANT TO HAVE IT ACCESSIBLE FOR PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, WHAT
DOES THAT MEAN IF MAYBE THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY ARE HEARING OR THEY DON'T KNOW
HOW TO SAY WHERE THEY WANT TO GO? WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? FOR SMART HOME TECHNOLOGIES
WHERE WE HAVE SECURITIES, HEALTH CARE MONITORING, WE HEARD IN OUR KEYNOTE ABOUT SOME
REALLY INTERESTING HOME SERVICE PROVISION AND HOME HELP THAT CAN BE OCCURRING
REMOTELY. WHAT ABOUT ROBOTICS? WE'RE BUILDING IN OUR LABS NOW TO HELP KIDS BIRTH TO
3. HOW CAN WE USE THIS DATA FASTER AND BETTER TO MAKE ALL THESE TECHNOLOGIES WORK?
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, HOW DO WE HAVE HISTORY REPEAT ITSELF? HOW MANY OF YOU KNEW THAT
VOICE OUTPUT ON A COMPUTER WAS DEVELOPED, NOT FOR MAINSTREAM, BUT FOR PEOPLE WITH
DISABILITIES FIRST? DID ANYBODY KNOW THAT? I KNEW LARRY WOULD KNOW. THE TWO
PEOPLE. YEP. OKAY. IT'S TRUE. BACK IN THE DAY, A DOS COMPUTER FOR PEOPLE WHO WERE
BLIND THAT NEEDED TO HEAR WHAT WAS ON THE COMPUTER -- I THINK IT WAS JAWS, ORIGINALLY,
WASN'T IT? I THINK IT WAS. IT WAS CREATED TO HELP PEOPLE WHO WERE BLIND USE A
COMPUTER. WHO USES VOICE OUTPUT ON THEIR COMPUTER TODAY? EVERYBODY. SAME THING WITH
VOICE INPUT. VOICE INPUT WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED FOR PEOPLE WITH HIGH LEVEL SPINAL CORD
INJURY WHO NEEDED TO TALK TO THEIR COMPUTER. WHO USES VOICE INPUT? I USED IT ON MY WAY
HERE THIS MORNING, RIGHT? THAT'S WHAT I MEAN BY SAYING I WANT HISTORY TO REPEAT
ITSELF. I WANT US TO DEVELOP THE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE THAT EVERYBODY IS GOING TO
WANT. THERE'S GOOD REASON FOR THAT HAPPENING IN TERMS OF THAT HAPPENING IN THE COGNITIVE
SPACE BECAUSE OF OUR AGING POPULATION. BY 2035, ONE IN 5 AMERICANS WILL BE OVER THE AGE
OF 65 SO THAT MEANS THAT WE'RE GOING TO HAVE THE NATURAL THINGS THAT HAPPEN WITH OUR
COGNITION AND OTHER BODY PARTS AS WE AGE. WELL, SOME OF THOSE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
ARE GOING TO BE REMINISCENT OF SOME OF THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS WE DEAL WITH
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. SO IT'S INTERESTING. BUT INCLUSIONARY DESIGN MATTERS. WHAT IS
INCLUSIONARY DESIGN? THAT MEANS THAT WE LEAVE PEOPLE OUT OF THE PIE. THERE'S A BIG
CHUNK MISSING. THAT'S NOT GOOD. AND SO THERE'S SOMETHING MY FRIEND -- IF YOU GET A
CHANCE TO HEAR HER SPEAK, SHE'S FANTASTIC -- TALKS ABOUT AND THAT IS THIS NOTION OF
OUTLIERS. WHEN YOU ARE INTO RESEARCH, YOU KNOW IF YOU AGGREGATE ALL THE DATA, YOU HAVE
THIS CLUMP OF DATA THAT SHOWS WHAT'S GOING ON WITH RESEARCH. BUT EVERY ONCE IN AWHILE,
THERE'S A DOT OVER HERE ON THE GRAPH. THAT'S CALLED AN OUTLIER. PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE
DISABILITIES ARE TREATED AS THE OUTLIER IN LIFE. IT'S NOT FAIR OR RIGHT. WE WANT TO BE
SURE THAT THEY ARE INCLUDED AND JUTTA TALKS BEAUTIFULLY ABOUT HOW WE CAN -- IF WE BRING
THOSE OUTLIERS TO THE CENTER AND DESIGN FOR PEOPLE THAT WOULD BE PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS
OUTLIERS AS THOUGH THEY WERE THE CENTER, THEN THIS IS GOING TO WORK FOR EVERYONE. DOES
THAT MAKE SENSE? THAT'S WHAT WE WANT TO DO. SO EXCLUSIONARY DESIGN MATTERS. WE NEED TO
CALL IT OUT WHEN WE SEE IT AND KNOW WHY IT'S NOT WORKING.
THE THING WE ALSO HAVE TO BEAR IN MIND IS THAT SOMETIMES IT'S NOT INTENTIONAL. OFTEN,
IT'S NOT INTENTIONAL. IT'S NOT LIKE SOME ENGINEER SITS IN THEIR LITTLE CUBICLE AND
SAYS, "BY GOSH, I'M GOING TO MAKE SURE THAT THESE PEOPLE CAN'T USE THIS." THEY DON'T
THINK THAT WAY. BECAUSE OF OUR OWN BIASES AND ECOSYSTEM AND HOW WE GREW UP AND HOW WE'RE
EDUCATED, WE DON'T NECESSARILY THINK OF ALL THE LITTLE BITS AND PIECES THAT ALL OF US
THINK ABOUT ON A DAILY BASIS BECAUSE IT'S JUST NOT RIGHT IN FRONT OF THEM, OKAY. SO I'M
GOING TO TALK ABOUT THREE IMPORTANT HUMAN FACTOR STRATEGIES TO AVOID EXCLUSIONARY DESIGN
AND TALK TO YOU ABOUT SOME OF THE THINGS THAT WE'RE DOING AND WHY I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT
AND I HAVE TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO MY FRIEND BRIAN UP IN THE UPPER LEFT CORNER, HE HAS
TAUGHT MY CLINIC TEAM AND MYSELF MORE THAN ALMOST ANYONE WE'VE EVER MET IN OUR YEARS OF
DOING THIS. SO I HAD TO GIVE HIM A SHOUT OUT.
ALL RIGHT. SO FIRST THING THAT IS CRITICAL IS USER EXPERIENCE AND USABILITY
TESTING. WHO KNOWS WHAT THAT IS? A GOOD HANDFUL. SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S NOW
BECOMING MORE COMMON PLACE, PARTICULARLY IN MAINSTREAM INDUSTRY, IS THE NOTION THAT WE
NEED TO INCLUDE THE END USER IN THE DESIGN PROCESS. WE KNOW THAT. WE'VE BEEN ALL ABOUT
INCLUSION OUR WHOLE LIVES, RIGHT? WELL, ONE OF THE THINGS I NOTICE LAST YEAR AT C.E.S.
IN LAS VEGAS -- THAT MAST MASSIVE TECH CONFERENCE THAT'S ABSOLUTELY CRAZY, I NOTICED
SOMETHING THAT GAVE ME PAUSE AND THAT IS THERE ARE TONS AND TONS OF HUGE CORPORATIONS
DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY FOR AGING AND THEY ARE DOING IT WITHOUT ANY KNOWLEDGE OF HIPAA,
THEY ARE NOT DOING IT WITH ANY KNOWLEDGE OF PRIVACY CONCERNS, THEY JUST DON'T KNOW WHAT
THEY DON'T KNOW. SO I WAS ASKED TO GO AND EVALUATE A NUMBER OF PRODUCTS WHILE I WAS
THERE, WHICH I DID, AND IT WAS SHOCKING. SO ON THE ONE HAND, WE HAVE ALL THIS MAINSTREAM
DELUGE OF PRODUCTS THAT WE HAVE HERE AND WE HAVE THE PRODUCTS THAT WE ARE TRYING TO HARD
TO MAKE IT WORK FOR OTHER PEOPLE, SO IT'S A COMBINATION. BUT I WILL SAY THAT COMPANIES
LIKE MICROSOFT AND I.
B.M.
AND A NUMBER OF THESE FOLKS ARE REALLY BEGINNING TO INCLUDE END USERS IN THEIR
TESTING. SO WHAT IS USABILITY TESTING? QUITE SIMPLY, IT'S TAKING A PRODUCT AND
DETERMINING WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRODUCTS, WHAT ARE THE TASKS THAT YOU HAVE TO
DO IN ORDER TO OPERATE THE PRODUCT AND THEN YOU CREATE THIS TASK LIST, YOU BRING SOMEONE
IN AND YOU HAVE THEM GO THROUGH THE PROCESS OF USING THE TECHNOLOGY THE WAY THEY MIGHT
USE IT AT HOME. USABILITY TESTING CAN ALSO ENCOMPASS, NOT JUST THE TECHNOLOGY ITSELF,
BUT IT CAN ALSO INCLUDE THE TECHNICAL MANUALS AND THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT THAT COMES WITH
IT SO YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO A USABILITY STUDY ON THE TECHNICAL STUFF. MY FAVORITE WAS A
PILL DISPENSER AND I SWEAR THE MANUAL WAS IN 3 POINT FONT DESIGNED FOR SENIORS AND THOSE
WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS, NOT TO MENTION JUST NORMAL PEOPLE. SO THINGS LIKE THAT ARE
REALLY CRITICAL. AND USER EXPERIENCE IS SOMETHING THAT WE'VE BEEN DOING FOR ABOUT TEN
YEARS BECAUSE TWO R.E.R.C'S
AGO, ONE OF THIS BIG GRANT THAT WE HAVE, WE REALIZE THAT ALL THE PRODUCTS ON THE
MARKET AND PRODUCTS THAT ARE MANUFACTURED BY ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES HAD NOT BEEN
TESTED BY AND FOR THE VERY PEOPLE THAT THEY WERE DESIGNED FOR. NOT TO MENTION THINGS
LIKE MICROWAVE OVENS. IT TURNS OUT THAT PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES USE THE SAME DARN
THINGS WE DO. THEY USE ALARM CLOCKS. THEY USE MICROWAVE OVENS AND DISHWASHERS. ALL OF
THESE THINGS WERE OUT THERE BUT THERE WAS NO DATA ON HOW USEFUL AND USABLE THEY ARE FOR
THESE FOLKS. SO WE STARTED DOING MAINSTREAM PRODUCTS AND IN THE FIRST FIVE YEARS, WE DID
50 PRODUCTS THAT WE TESTED. THE MOST INTERESTING HAD TO BE SMART PHONES, THAT WAS QUITE
FUN. NOW IN THE LAST FIVE YEARS, WE'VE BEEN LOOKING A LOT AT APPS AND PARTICULARLY
SOCIAL MEDIA APPS, INSTAGRAM, FACEBOOK, PINTREST. ALL OF THE THINS WE TAKE FOR GRANTED
AND WE USE FOR OUR VERY PART OF OUR SOCIAL FABRIC BUT HOW USABLE AND USEFUL ARE THEY,
THOSE SIMPLE APPS, FOR PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AND WE'VE BEEN LEARNING A LOT OF
INTERESTING STUFF.
SO STRATEGY ONE IS TO REALLY UNDERSTAND THOSE HUMAN FACTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED WITH
PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, IN PARTICULAR, FOR US. WHAT EVOLVED OUT OF THESE
FIRST FEW YEARS OF USABILITY TESTING? FOR US WAS A RECOGNITION THAT THE INTERFACE THAT
PEOPLE USE FOR THESE TECHNOLOGIES, THESE APPS, THESE WHATEVER JUST ARE REALLY DIFFICULT
FOR PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. AND SO STRATEGY TWO WE CAME UP WITH AND WE ARE
IMPLEMENTING IS THIS NOTION OF REALLY DOING DEEP USABILITY, USER EXPERIENCE
TESTING. WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?
WELL, LET'S SEE WHAT MY NEXT SLIDE IS. WE WANT TO KNOW WHAT SPECIFIC -- VERY SPECIFIC
USER FEATURES IMPACT TECHNOLOGY USE, RIGHT? AND MY HYPOTHESIS IS THAT WHEN YOU LOOK AT
YOUR SMART PHONE, WITH ALL THESE BUTTONS ON IT, FOR SOMEONE WITH A COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
ON IT, HOW EASY IS THAT FOR SOMEONE TO UNDERSTAND IF YOU GET IT RIGHT OUT OF THE BOX AND
YOU START GETTING APPS ADDED TO IT AND START LOOKING AT THESE THINGS. SO WE HAD A LOT OF
CONCERN ABOUT HOW DOES THAT WORK. THE OTHER CONCERN HAD TO DO WITH SENIORS VOTING. SO
OF COURSE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DECIDED A FEW YEARS AGO IT WOULD BE VERY IMPORTANT TO
ENSURE THAT EVERYONE IN A NURSING HOME OR ASSISTED LIVING CENTER GOT TO VOTE
INDEPENDENTLY. AGREED, RIGHT? SO THEY PUT SOME MONEY OUT THERE TO GET THESE VOTES AND
THEY HAD US DO A STUDY -- WE DID THIS IN THREE LOCATIONS ACROSS THE U.S.
AND WE LOOKED AT TABLET DEVICES WITH A VOTING BALLOT ON IT. 85% OF OUR USERS MADE MORE
THAN 5 ERRORS WITH THE USER INTERFACE. NOT GOOD. AND DO YOU KNOW WHY? FOR SENIORS, AS
THEY AGE, THEIR SKIN GETS DRIER AND THE CAPACITANCE GETS HARDER. WE NEED A NEW TOUCH
SCREEN INTERFACE, RIGHT?
SO SECONDLY, WHEN WE WORK WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, WE SEE SOME OF THE THINGS THE
SAME. WE WANT TO LOOK AT THESE FEATURES AND REALLY GET INTO IT. WHAT WE WANTED TO DO --
WHAT WE DID OR WHAT WE HAVE IS A SIMULATOR THAT WE HAVE BUILT THAT ALLOWS US TO RECON
FIGURE ALL THESE FEATURES AND PARTS THAT YOU SEE ON A TYPICAL TOUCH SCREEN AND THIS IS
OUR SIMULATION ONE, IT'S VERY SIMPLE. AND THE ONLY THING THE END USER IS TOLD IS THAT
THEY NEED TO PRESS THE ONE THAT -- PRESS THE BUTTON THAT'S DIFFERENT. FIND THE ONE
THAT'S DIFFERENT. SO THERE'S AN ACTIVE BUTTON AND THERE ARE THREE INACTIVE BUTTONS. YOU
WILL NOTICE THERE'S EQUAL SPACING, EQUAL SIZE, THEY ARE CENTERED ON THE SCREEN AND THEY
ARE JUST PRETTY PROMINENT. WE WANTED TO TAKE AWAY ANYTHING THAT MIGHT INTERFERE OR
DISTRACT FROM WHAT WE WERE TRYING TO LOOK AT.
OKAY. HERE'S THE KICKER. THESE VARIABLES, THESE VALUES, THESE THINGS THAT WE ARE
LOOKING AT ARE BASED ON INDUSTRY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOW TO BUILD A USER INTERFACE FOR
THE AVERAGE JOE. OKAY. I WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT THAT THESE USER INTERFACE MANUALS AND
THESE DESIGN MANUALS THAT EVERYONE USES WERE JUST PUT TOGETHER BY TEAMS OF ENGINEERS IN
VARIOUS COMPANIES. IT'S NOT LIKE THEY ARE BASED ON SCIENCE, BUT THEY ARE BASED ON THINGS
LIKE PRETTY DESIGN, GOOD DESIGN, YOU KNOW, THE THINGS THAT THEY KNOW AND KNOW WELL. BUT
WHEN IT COMES TO OUR FOLKS, IT CAN BE A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT. SO IN THIS LEVEL 1
SIMULATION 1, WE ARE LOOKING AT THE BUTTON ITSELF, HOW BIG IT IS, HOW FAR APART IT IS,
WHAT THE TARGET ASSET RATIO IS AND THAT MEANS WHAT'S ACTIVE WITHIN THE BUTTON AND AROUND
THE BUTTON. SO SOMETIMES YOU TOUCH THE EDGE OF THE BUTTON, OKAY, SO JUST THOSE LITTLE
SIMPLE FEATURES.
AND THEN, OUR -- WHAT WE'RE WORKING OUR WAY THROUGH IS THE DIFFERENT WAYS WE CAN USE --
TOUCH A BUTTON. SO WE ALL KNOW HOW TO DO DIRECT TOUCH A BUTTON, BUT NOW THERE'S SWIPING,
SQUEEZING, THERE'S PINCHING, ALL THESE DIFFERENT THINGS. SO WHAT WE'RE ABLE TO DO WITH
OUR SIMULATOR, WE CAN LOG TIME ON TASK, ERROR RATE, PRESSURE, WHAT TYPE OF GESTURES BEING
USED AND WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE PERSON IS DOING THIS.
SO MY OTHER HYPOTHESIS, WE ALWAYS TALK ABOUT AN N OF 1 THAT WE NEED TO CUSTOMIZE FOR
EACH INDIVIDUAL PERSON. THE TRUTH OF THE MATTER IS WE ALL KIND OF HAVE PSYCHOLOGICAL OR
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES. SO WE SPENT OVER A YEAR DEVELOPING A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL
TEST BATTERY WITH OUR NEUROPSYCH DEPARTMENT, SOME INCREDIBLY SMART FOLKS THAT WE ARE NOW
ADMINISTERING TO EVERY SINGLE SUBJECT THAT COMES IN TO DO USER TESTING OR THIS SIMULATION
USER INTERFACE TESTING.
SO MY THEORY IS AT THE END OF THE DAY, WE'RE GOING TO FIND THAT THERE IS A BIT OF A
COGNITIVE PROFILE TYPE WHICH MIGHT ENCOURAGE US, USING EDGE TECHNOLOGY, TO HAVE THE
TECHNOLOGY SELF-POPULATE ICONIC FEATURES OR INTERFACE FEATURES THAT WORK OR ARE A GOOD
STARTING PLACE FOR THAT PERSON WITH A COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT TO GET STARTED.
DOES THAT MAKE SENSE? BECAUSE RIGHT NOW, WHEN YOU JUST HAND SOMEBODY OUT OF THE BOX A
DEVICE, OUR OUT OF THE BOX TESTING HAS JUST BEEN SAD WHEN IT COMES TO TABLETS AND PHONES
AND THINS LIKE THAT. AND IT'S HOW THE WHOLE WORLD INTERACTS, RIGHT? SO BASICALLY, WHAT
WE'RE LOOKING AT IS THESE VARIOUS VARIABLES AND WE'RE MEASURING AS OUR DEPENDENT VARIABLE
TIME ON TASKS AND ERROR RATES.
NOW, WHAT WE CAN DO IS BASICALLY MACHINE LOG ALL OF THIS DATA ON EVERY SINGLE BUTTON
PRESS. THERE'S LIKE 250 BUTTON PRESS PER SIMULATION AND WE CAN THEN GET SOME IDEA IF
THERE'S AN ERROR OR NOT, WHAT THEY WERE DOING. AND THEN, WE CAN LOOK AT OUR COGNITIVE
TEST BATTERY AND WE CAN DO CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THESE ERRORS AND THEIR PARTICULAR
COGNITIVE PROFILE. OUR GOAL IS TO EVENTUALLY TAKE ALL OF THIS MASSIVE DATA AND BRING IT
BACK DOWN AND SEE IF WE CAN COME UP WITH JUST A FEW QUESTION TYPES, IF YOU WILL, OR A FEW
ACTIVITIES THAT SOMEBODY MIGHT DO WHEN THEY SIT DOWN WITH A TOUCH SCREEN THAT WOULD THEN
ENCOURAGE THIS UPLOADING OF A USER INTERFACE THAT IS MORE USEFUL FOR THEM. SO THAT'S
KIND OF OUR GOAL WITH THIS PARTICULAR PROJECT AND ONE WE'RE PRETTY EXCITED ABOUT, TO BE
QUITE HONEST, TO SEE WHAT WE'RE SEEING.
BUT THERE'S ALSO A THIRD STRATEGY AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT I SEE AS TOTALLY MISSING
IN MAINSTREAM, LARGE SCALE COMPANIES. SOMETHING THAT I AM WORKING ON IS THAT WHEN, IN
PARTICULAR, WHEN WE'RE WORKING WITH PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, IT DOES TAKE A
VILLAGE. SO YES, THEY MUST BE INCLUDED IN USABILITY AND USER EXPERIENCE TESTING AND IN
THE DESIGN PROCESS, ITSELF. BUT ALSO, PEOPLE WHO ARE CARE PROVIDERS AND CLINICIANS MAKE
A DIFFERENCE. SO FAMILY CARE PROVIDERS, PEOPLE THAT GET TO KNOW THESE PEOPLE INSIDE OUT
AND DAY AFTER DAY THAT CAN REALLY SAY THIS IS GOING TO WORK, NO, THIS ISN'T, HERE ARE THE
THINGS THAT CONCERN ME. SECONDARILY AND PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANTLY, WHO SETS THIS STUFF UP
IN IT SURE ISN'T THE ENGINEER THAT DESIGNED IT. NOPE. IT COMES TO THE CARE PROVIDERS IN
SOME SENSE, RIGHT? AND THESE FOLKS ARE LEFT STRUGGLING WITH WHAT IS THEORETICALLY
INTUITIVE, BUT TURNS OUT NOT SO MUCH. AND THEN ESPECIALLY IF WE HAVE TO SET FEATURES AND
WE HAVE TO DO ALL THESE THINGS FOR FOLKS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, IT MAKES IT REALLY,
REALLY DIFFICULT.
THE OTHER THING THAT I AM REALLY LEARNING, BECAUSE I DO SEE COMPANIES NOW THAT ARE
STARTING, PARTICULARLY I.T.
COMPANIES, STARTING TO INCLUDE CARE PROVIDERS IS TO NEED TO INCLUDE CLINICIANS, AS WELL.
SO AS I SAID, CARE PROVIDERS KNOW THE PAIN POINTS.
THEY KNOW WHAT MAY OR MAY NOT GO OVER WELL. THEY KNOW IF IT'S A COMMUNITY LIVING
ENVIRONMENT OF SOME SORT, THEY KNOW IF THERE ARE SMALL KIDS IN THE HOUSE THAT ARE GOING
TO DISRUPT X. THEY KNOW THESE THINGS AND THEY CAN BE VERY CRITICAL TO HELPING DESIGNERS
THINK ABOUT THINGS THEY MIGHT NOT THINK ABOUT IF THEY ONLY TALK TO THE END USER. BUT
HERE'S WHAT I AM REALLY, REALLY STARTING TO UNDERSTAND, AS WELL. MANY CARE PROVIDERS,
AND CERTAINLY CLINICIANS KNOW THE TRAJECTORY OF COGNITIVE LIFE -- IMPAIRMENT LIFE
SPANS. SO FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE OBVIOUSLY, THERE ARE ACQUIRED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS,
THERE ARE DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES THAT WE'RE BORN WITH, AND THERE ARE DEGENERATIVE
DISEASES AND THINGS THAT HAPPEN TO US. WE KNOW IN DOWN SYNDROME, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT 20%
WILL HAVE COEXISTING CONDITIONS, COMORBIDITIES WITH AUTISM. WE KNOW ABOUT THAT AMOUNT
WILL ALSO DEVELOP EARLY ONSET ALZHEIMERS, RIGHT? SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT, PARTICULARLY
FAMILIES ARE JUST GROWING INTO LIVING WITH SOMEONE WITH A DISABILITY, THEY CAN'T
NECESSARILY SEE THE TRAJECTORY OF WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN AND THIS IS
WHERE I TRULY BELIEVE CLINICIANS ARE CRITICAL ALONG WITH CARE PROVIDERS TO FILL IN THE
MISSING PIECES AROUND TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE WE KNOW WHAT MIGHT
HAPPEN, WE KNOW WHAT HAPPENS IF WE'RE OLDER OR OUR PARENTS ARE BECOMING OLDER AND THE
PERSON WITH A COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT STILL LIVING AT HOME AND STILL NEEDS A LOT OF
CARE. WE KNOW WHAT HAPPENS WITH FRAIL ELDERS AND NOW, AT THIS POINT IN OUR LIVES, FRAIL
ELDERS ARE BEING ASKED TO SET UP AND USE TECHNOLOGY WITH THEIR CHILD OR SOMEONE THEY CARE
FOR AND THAT MAKES IT REALLY HARD AND THERE'S ALL OF US THAT HAVE DONE THIS KNOW HOW HARD
THIS IS, RIGHT? AND SO WE HAVE TO BE THOUGHTFUL. SO WE MAY HAVE SOMEONE WHO IS SETTING
UP THE TECHNOLOGY OR EMBEDDED WITHIN THE USE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IN A VERY IMPORTANT WAY
WHO MAYBE HAS A HEARING LOSS, WHO MAYBE HAS LOW VISION, WHO MAYBE HAS GENERAL, NATURAL
COGNITIVE DECLINE THEMSELVES OR ARTHRITIS. RIGHT? AND THOSE ARE FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS
THAT WE ALSO NEED TO BRING TOGETHER AND REALLY THINK ABOUT AS WE THINK THROUGH HOW WE ARE
GOING TO ADDRESS ALL OF THE HUMAN FACTORS, NOT JUST THE INDIVIDUAL WITH THE COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT, BUT THERE'S THIS WHOLE ECOSYSTEM OF HUMAN FACTORS THAT WE REALLY NEED TO BE
ADDRESSING. WE'RE GOING TO HAVE -- WE HAVE -- NOT GOING TO, WE HAVE ALL THIS DATA. HOW
ARE WE USING IT? HOW ARE WE THINKING ABOUT WAYS THAT WE CAN MODULATE OUR DESIGN IN A
MANNER THAT'S GOING TO BE USEFUL FOR A LOT OF PEOPLE? AND SO, WE THOUGH THAT EDGE
COMPUTING HAS THIS IMMENSE PROMISE, BUT WE HAVE TO MAKE IT HAPPEN AND WE HAVE TO MAKE IT
HAPPEN IN A WAY THAT IS MEANINGFUL AND USEFUL. AND WE ALSO HAVE TO TAKE IN ACCOUNT -- I
GREW UP IN THE WHOLE A.T.
INDUSTRY, YOU KNOW. TYPICALLY, SMALLER COMPANIES AND REALLY, IMMENSELY QUOTED
DEVELOPERS. PEOPLE WHO OWN A.T.
COMPANIES ARE NOT IN IT FOR THE MONEY, TRUST ME. UNLESS YOU OWN THE WHEELCHAIR COMPANY,
PERHAPS, BUT NONETHELESS, THEY ARE NOT IN IT TO GET RICH QUICK. SO WE HAVE OUR GROUP, IF
YOU WILL, BUT OVER HERE, WE HAVE THIS IMMENSE -- AND I A NOT KIDDING -- TRILLIONS OF
DOLLARS IMMENSE INDUSTRY IN COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY WHO ARE ALL SEEING WHAT THEY CAN
DO. SO WE HAVE TO GET BEYOND WHAT WE KNOW AND WE HAVE TO HELP GET THAT TRANSLATED AND
TRANSFERRED INTO MAINSTREAM INDUSTRY BECAUSE IF YOU ARE GOING TO BE INDEPENDENT, WHAT ARE
THE THINGS THAT YOU HAVE TO DO? WHAT DO YOU GUYS DO EVERY WEEK? WELL, YOU HAVE TO DO
LAUNDRY, YOU HAVE TO PREPARE MEALS, YOU HAVE TO DO ALL THESE THINGS. THEY ARE DEVELOPING
THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY, THEY ARE COLLECTING THIS CENSORED DATA. THE CLASSIC REFRIGERATOR
THAT NOW KNOWS WHAT IS IN THERE -- I FOR ONE WON'T HAVE ONE BECAUSE I DON'T WANT THEM TO
KNOW WHAT IS IN OUR REFRIGERATOR. THINK ABOUT ALL THE MENUS WE HAVE DONE BY HAND IN CARE
PROVISION AND THE PRODUCTION OF GOING TO THE GROCERY STORE AND ALL THIS, THE REFRIGERATOR
CAN NOW DO AN ORDER TO THE STORE AND IT CAN BE DELIVERED, RIGHT? BUT HOW IS THAT GOING
TO WORK WITH SOMEONE FOR A COGNITIVE DISABILITY? THAT'S WHAT WE NEED TO TRANSLATE AND
TRANSFER TO THESE MAINSTREAM COMPANIES.
I SAW ONE PRODUCT AND I WILL NOT NAME THE COMPANY -- THAT ABSOLUTELY MADE ME CRAZY
BECAUSE IT WAS A TABLET DEVICE WITH INTERNET ACCESSIBLE VIDEO STREAMING AND THEY WERE
SAYING -- THEY WERE SELLING IT TO PEOPLE MY AGE WHO HAVE ELDERLY PARENTS AND THE CONCEPT
IS, LOOK, YOU CAN HANG THIS ALL OVER YOUR PARENT'S HOUSE AND THEN YOU CAN JUST TAP IN AND
WATCH THEM ALL DAY LONG. KIND OF LIKE WHEN YOUR PETS ARE HOME ALONE, NOW YOU CAN LOOK AT
YOUR PARENTS HOME ALONE. NO CONSIDERATION WHATSOEVER FOR PRIVACY, HIPAA, PICK ONE. YOU
KNOW, YOU CAN NAG YOUR MOM TO TAKE HER PILLS OR WHATEVER. AND IT'S VERY INEXPENSIVE
AND I CAN SEE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE BUYING THIS, BUT HERE WE ARE SITTING OVER HERE IN OUR
SAFE WORLD TRYING TO THINK ABOUT HIPAA AND ALL THESE OTHER THINGS, WE HAVE THIS
MAINSTREAM INDUSTRY THAT'S JUST TAKING OFF. SO WE NEED TO BE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT THIS. WE
NEED TO MAKE IT HAPPEN IN A WAY THAT'S REAL. WE NEED MORE DATA. WE'RE JUST ONE SHOP
DOING THIS WORK. WE NEED A LOT MORE PEOPLE TO REALLY BE DOING THIS USER EXPERIENCE
TESTING, USABILITY TESTING AND CERTAINLY WE NEED TO DIG DEEP INTO THESE SPECIFIC USER
INTERFACES AND THE COGNITIVE PROFILES SO THAT WE CAN BEGIN TO PULL TOGETHER ALL OF THIS
DATA AND IT CAN BE EMBEDDED WITHIN EDGE COMPUTING DESIGN BECAUSE WHAT THIS CAN ENABLE US
TO DO, THEN, IS TO BRING THAT OUTLIER THAT JUTTA TALKS ABOUT SO BRILLIANTLY TO THE CENTER
AND DESIGN FOR THAT AND IT'S GOING TO WORK SO MUCH BETTER FOR OTHER PEOPLE
I MENTION THE E.R. C.
PLANNING GRANT WE HAD WITH GEORGIA TECH AND UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE. WE ARE GOING TO BE,
OVER THE NEXT YEAR, LOOKING FOR PARTNERS, BOTH INDUSTRY, COMMUNITY AND RESEARCH PARTNERS
TO PROPOSE NEW PROJECTS IN EDGE COMPUTING. SO IF ANYONE HAS AN INTEREST OR JUST CURIOUS
ABOUT IT, I AM HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT IT.
ANYBODY HAVE ANY COMMENTS OR QUESTIONS?
» AUDIENCE: (INAUDIBLE)
» CATHY: IT ABSOLUTELY DOES. THERE ARE TWO ISSUES THERE. BLUE IS THE WIDEST COLOR
PRISM SO THAT'S WHY WE CHOSE BLUE THERE. TWO, A LOT OF PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENTS, IT'S DIFFICULT TO TEST THEIR VISION. WE HAVE SOME TESTS TO HOPEFULLY DIG
INTO THAT A LITTLE BIT BETTER. IT'S A GREAT QUESTION AND ONE WE REALLY STRUGGLED WITH,
WHICH IS WHY WE HAD OUR NEUROPSYCH GUYS FIGURE IT OUT
» AUDIENCE: (INAUDIBLE)
» CATHY: RIGHT. RIGHT. YEAH. YEAH. AND SO WHAT WE WANT TO DO IS DISSECT IT DOWN
TO ITS BAREST MINIMUM AND THEN START BUILDING UP, IF THAT MAKES SENSE. SO WE EXPECT THIS
TO TAKE AWHILE. BUT I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO DO THIS AND HAVE MORE PEOPLE DO IT,
FRANKLY. ANYTHING ELSE? COMMENTS? QUESTIONS?
» AUDIENCE: (INAUDIBLE)
» CATHY: ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE TALK ABOUT IN BIOENGINEERING AND IN OUR DESIGN
CLASSES IS INHERENT BIAS, OKAY. WHO TYPICALLY DOES DESIGN WORK? DOES ANYBODY HAVE A
GUESS ON THAT? ENGINEERS.
MALES, HOW OLD ARE THEY? 20'S AND 30'S. THAT'S KIND OF MAINSTREAM ENGINEERING
DESIGN. THEY BRING TO THIS -- THESE KIDS TODAY -- AND I SAY KIDS, I APOLOGIZE, THESE
YOUNG ADULTS -- THIS IS THE ULTIMATE FIRST GENERATION THAT DOESN'T KNOW WHAT IT'S LIKE
NOT TO HAVE TECHNOLOGY. IT'S SO INTUITIVE TO THEM THAT THEY BRING TO IT THEIR INHERENT
BIASES, NUMBER ONE. SO THEY DON'T EVEN THINK ABOUT -- THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY DON'T
KNOW BECAUSE THEY DON'T KNOW ANY DIFFERENTLY, RIGHT? AND THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND THE
EXPERIENTIAL KNOWLEDGE THAT PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE DISABILITIES HAVE, WHICH IS WHY I THINK
IT'S SO CRITICAL TO HAVE THE PROVIDERS AND CLINICIANS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN PROCESS,
YOU'RE EXACTLY RIGHT. YES, SIR?
» AUDIENCE: SO ONE OF YOUR MAIN POINTS THROUGHOUT THIS TALK IS TALKING ABOUT HOW YOU
GET THIS DATA TO ALL OF THESE COMPANIES, ET CETERA, DOING THIS STUFF. I WONDER IF YOU
CAN TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT HOW YOU WANT TO MAKE THAT COMMUNICATION BECAUSE YOU ARE GOING
TO BE PULLING IN LOT OF DATA IF YOU HAVE OTHER PEOPLE BUILDING THESE THINGS, HOW DO YOU
GET APPLE OR, YOU KNOW, GOOGLE OR ANY OF THE SMALLER COMPANIES THAT ARE BUILDING THESE
APPS, HOW DO YOU COMMUNICATE THIS INFORMATION TO THEM?
» CATHY: A COUPLE OF WAYS. NUMBER ONE, I AM BLESSED -- YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU ARE AROUND
LONG ENOUGH, YOU GET TO KNOW PEOPLE. I AM BLESSED TO KNOW MOST OF THE LEADERS OF THE
ACCESSIBILITY INITIATIVES IN THE MAINSTREAM COMPANIES, IN THE BIG COMPANIES. I AM ALSO
GETTING THE CONSUMER TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION PUT C.E.S.
ON EVERY YEAR AND SO THEY FIND ME OUT. THIS YEAR, I WILL BE ADDRESSING THE BOARD THE DAY
BEFORE C.E.S.
TO REALLY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO TALK ABOUT DISABILITY AND INCLUSION. SO THAT'S ON KIND
OF A GRAND SCALE, IF YOU WILL.
ON THE LOWER SCALE, WHAT WE'RE DOING IS WORKING ON A REPORTING FORMAT NOW. WE'RE USING
AN I.S.O.
STANDARDIZED RECORDING USABILITY FORMAT THAT WE'RE CREATING REPORTS ON THE TECHNOLOGY AND
SO WE'RE DEBATING -- WE'RE WORKING WITH BOTH MARKETING PEOPLE WITHIN A COMPANY AND WE'RE
TRYING, THEN, ALSO, TO GET THEM TO LEAD R AND D DESIGNERS FOR THE PRODUCTS WE'RE
TESTING. BUT HOW MANY PRODUCTS ARE OUT THERE? RIGHT? WE HAVE TO APPROACH IT TOP DOWN,
BOTTOM UP IS HOW WE'RE DOING IT. WE HAVE TO GET OUR INDUSTRY, THE A.T.
INDUSTRY, IF YOU WILL, OR THOSE THAT CARE ABOUT TECHNOLOGY AND DISABILITY ALSO ENGAGED
BECAUSE IT'S THIS MAMMOTH ROCK STRAIGHT UPHILL, RIGHT? BUT WE'RE DOING -- THE OTHER
THING THAT WE'RE DOING AND I -- I -- WE WERE BLESSED, THERE'S THIS GUY NAMED BILL
RICHARDSON WHO WAS -- HE WAS ONE OF THE ORIGINAL GUYS AT SUN MICROSYSTEMS AND HE'S
RETIRED HERE IN COLORADO AND BILL SPENT A THURSDAY A WEEK FOR A YEAR WITH MY TEAM
COACHING US ON HOW TO CHANGE OUR LANGUAGE AND HOW TO TALK MONEY AND RETURN ON
INVESTMENT. AND SO WHEN WE APPROACH ANY OF THESE COMPANIES, WE DON'T TALK ABOUT THESE
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AND THE NEED FOR INCLUSION, WE TALK ABOUT RETURN ON INVESTMENT
AND WE TALK ABOUT MARKET SHARE AND WE TALK ABOUT HOW MUCH MORE MONEY THEY CAN MAKE BY
DOING THIS AND HOW THEIR STAKEHOLDERS AND SHAREHOLDERS ARE GOING TO BENEFIT FROM THIS.
WE TALK ABOUT THE COST OF RETROFITTING IF YOUR DEVICE DOESN'T WORK, THEN WHAT IT COSTS
TO RETROFIT. SO YOU SHOULD HEAR ME, IT'S PRETTY FUNNY WHEN I GET INTO THAT MODE, IT'S
NOT HERE. IT'S NOT HOW I TALK HERE. BUT THANK GOD FOR BILL RICHARDSON, HE TAUGHT US A
LOT AND THAT HAS GIVEN US SOME BANDWIDTH THAT I DON'T THINK WE WOULD HAVE HAD
OTHERWISE. SO ANOTHER HAND? YES, SIR?
» AUDIENCE: SO THIS IS A BASIC QUESTION, BUT WHAT YOU ARE ENVISIONING IN THE FUTURE
IS WHEN YOU BUY YOUR I-PAD OR PHONE, YOU PULL IT OUT OF THE BOX AND INSTEAD OF HAVING TO
CALIBRATE THE SCREEN, YOU ARE GOING TO POSSIBLY GO THROUGH SOME SORT OF ASSESSMENT ON
THERE TO DETERMINE SIZE OF ICONS AND ALL OF THOSE THINGS? IS THAT --
» CATHY: THAT'S OUR GOAL BECAUSE IT'S PERSONALIZED.
WE DID THAT SINGLE SIGN-ON PROFILE THING FOR AWHILE WHERE YOU CAN SET YOUR
CONFIGURATIONS AND THEN YOU CAN THEORETICALLY, IT WOULD BE AVAILABLE TO YOU TO DOWNLOAD
AT ANY -- WHETHER YOU WERE AN A.T.M.
OR A TABLET OR WHATEVER AND I AM PROBABLY NOT SAYING THIS ALL VERY CLEARLY. AND THAT'S
DIFFICULT TO MAKE ACCESSIBLE FOR EVERYONE AND FOR EVERYBODY TO WORK TOGETHER ON THAT. SO
YEAH, THAT'S THE CONCEPT THAT YOU WOULD MAYBE HAVE FOUR OR FIVE THINGS THAT YOU DO AND
THEN YOUR DEVICE IS SET WITH A BASELINE. YOU MIGHT STILL NEED TO TWEAK IT, FOR SURE
» AUDIENCE: THANK YOU
» CATHY: UH-HUH. ANYTHING ELSE? YOU GUYS WERE AWESOME!
THANK YOU FOR COMING TODAY. I'M GOING TO LET YOU OUT OF HERE. (APPLAUSE)
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