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(dramatic music)
- Just like a busy city,
there's constant motion inside of your cells.
There's new construction, demolition,
and, most importantly, transporting goods
from one place in the cell to another.
Cells transport goods along cellular roadways.
To transport cargo along these routes,
the cells use motor proteins.
Kinesin is one of these motor proteins.
If you didn't have kinesin and other motor proteins,
you simply wouldn't be alive.
All the cells in your body depend upon
these tiny motor proteins to organize and power themselves,
to divide and multiply and to communicate with other cells.
Let's start with how you began as a fertilized egg.
That egg has to divide into many more cells.
All of those divisions require kinesin
and many other motor proteins.
Development, forming tissues in different parts of your body
requires molecular motion and motor proteins.
Every cell of your body requires them for survival.
What we know now is that kinesin effectively has two legs,
and these legs are able to coordinate
a walking motion along a track.
That track is called a microtubule.
And the kinesin undergoes this beautiful
choreographed walking action.
While the kinesin is walking along this track,
at the other end of the kinesin,
it gets hooked up to a cargo.
These motor proteins move quickly and efficiently.
Relative to their size, they move
as fast as a car on a freeway,
but they're four times more efficient
than your car in converting chemical energy into motion.
We discovered kinesin in 1984.
I was 25 years old at the time and a graduate student.
I was interested in the transportation system inside
of nerve cells, and what makes nerve cells so interesting
is that they're extraordinarily long cells.
For example, the part of your nerve cell
that has the nucleus, where the DNA is,
is located in your spinal cord.
But, it can extend a very long tube
all the way, for example, to your foot.
All of the building blocks for that
nerve cell are made in your spinal cord,
and all those building blocks have to be shipped
to the very end of that nerve cell a meter away.
There had to be some kind of transport system
that was moving these building blocks inside the nerve cell
and I wanted to know how that transportation system worked.
After we got this transport to work in this test tube,
the hunt was on then to find the key molecule
that was responsible for that movement.
And, we eventually found it,
and it turned out to be something completely new
that no one had ever discovered before.
Watching these movements under the microscope,
it was fascinating, then, to figure out
how does this motor actually work?
How does something that's a millionth of an inch
in size generate that motion?
My lab at UCSF spent about 10 to 20 years
trying to figure out the answer to that question.
We know about kinesin now, we a lot about how it moves,
but there's still so many fundamental questions
that we don't know about how all this motility is regulated,
how all of these cargoes know how to go to the right places.
There are always new questions that
one wants to know the answers to.
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