This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Space
com's Expert Voices: Op-Ed Are we alone? Unfortunately, neither of the answers feel satisfactory
To be alone in this vast universe is a lonely prospect. On the other hand, if we are not alone and there is someone or something more powerful out there, that too is terrifying
As a NASA research scientist and now a professor of physics, I attended the 2002 NASA Contact Conference, which focused on serious speculation about extraterrestrials
During the meeting a concerned participant said loudly in a sinister tone, "You have absolutely no idea what is out there!" The silence was palpable as the truth of this statement sunk in
Humans are fearful of extraterrestrials visiting Earth. Perhaps fortunately, the distances between the stars are prohibitively vast
At least this is what we novices, who are just learning to travel into space, tell ourselves
I have always been interested in UFOs. Of course, there was the excitement that there could be aliens and other living worlds
But more exciting to me was the possibility that interstellar travel was technologically achievable
In 1988, during my second week of graduate school at Montana State University, several students and I were discussing a recent cattle mutilation that was associated with UFOs
A physics professor joined the conversation and told us that he had colleagues working at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Great Falls, Montana, where they were having problems with UFOs shutting down nuclear missiles
At the time I thought this professor was talking nonsense. But 20 years later, I was stunned to see a recording of a press conference featuring several former US Air Force personnel, with a couple from Malmstrom AFB, describing similar occurrences in the 1960s
Clearly there must be something to this. With July 2 being World UFO Day, it is a good time for society to address the unsettling and refreshing fact we may not be alone
I believe we need to face the possibility that some of the strange flying objects that outperform the best aircraft in our inventory and defy explanation may indeed be visitors from afar – and there's plenty of evidence to support UFO sightings
The Fermi paradox The nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi was famous for posing thought provoking questions
In 1950, at Los Alamos National Laboratory after discussing UFOs over lunch, Fermi asked, "Where is everybody?" He estimated there were about 300 billion stars in the galaxy, many of them billions of years older than the sun, with a large percentage of them likely to host habitable planets
Even if intelligent life developed on a very small percentage of these planets, then there should be a number of intelligent civilizations in the galaxy
Depending on the assumptions, one should expect anywhere from tens to tens of thousands of civilizations
With the rocket-based technologies that we have developed for space travel, it would take between 5 and 50 million years for a civilization like ours to colonize our Milky Way galaxy
Since this should have happened several times already in the history of our galaxy, one should wonder where is the evidence of these civilizations? This discrepancy between the expectation that there should be evidence of alien civilizations or visitations and the presumption that no visitations have been observed has been dubbed the Fermi Paradox
Carl Sagan correctly summarized the situation by saying that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
" The problem is that there has been no single well-documented UFO encounter that would alone qualify as the smoking gun
The situation is exacerbated by the fact that many governments around the world have covered up and classified information about such encounters
But there are enough scraps of evidence that suggest that the problem needs to be open to scientific study
UFOs, taboo for professional scientists When it comes to science, the scientific method requires hypotheses to be testable so that inferences can be verified
UFO encounters are neither controllable nor repeatable, which makes their study extremely challenging
But the real problem, in my view, is that the UFO topic is taboo. While the general public has been fascinated with UFOs for decades, our governments, scientists and media, have essentially declared that of all the UFO sightings are a result of weather phenomenon or human actions
None are actually extraterrestrial spacecraft. And no aliens have visited Earth. Essentially, we are told that the topic is nonsense
UFOs are off-limits to serious scientific study and rational discussion, which unfortunately leaves the topic in the domain of fringe and pseudoscientists, many of whom litter the field with conspiracy theories and wild speculation
I think UFO skepticism has become something of a religion with an agenda, discounting the possibility of extraterrestrials without scientific evidence, while often providing silly hypotheses describing only one or two aspects of a UFO encounter reinforcing the popular belief that there is a conspiracy
A scientist must consider all of the possible hypotheses that explain all of the data, and since little is known, the extraterrestrial hypothesis cannot yet be ruled out
In the end, the skeptics often do science a disservice by providing a poor example of how science is to be conducted
The fact is that many of these encounters – still a very small percentage of the total – defy conventional explanation
The media amplifies the skepticism by publishing information about UFOs when it is exciting, but always with a mocking or whimsical tone and reassuring the public that it can't possibly be true
But there are credible witnesses and encounters. Why don't astronomers see UFOs? I am often asked by friends and colleagues, "Why don't astronomers see UFOs?" The fact is that they do
In 1977, Peter Sturrock, a professor of space science and astrophysics at Stanford University, mailed 2,611 questionnaires about UFO sightings to members of the American Astronomical Society
He received 1,356 responses from which 62 astronomers – 4.6 percent – reported witnessing or recording inexplicable aerial phenomena
This rate is similar to the approximately 5 percent of UFO sightings that are never explained
As expected, Sturrock found that astronomers who witnessed UFOs were more likely to be night sky observers
Over 80 percent of Sturrock's respondents were willing to study the UFO phenomenon if there was a way to do so
More than half of them felt that the topic deserves to be studied versus 20 percent who felt that it should not
The survey also revealed that younger scientists were more likely to support the study of UFOs
UFOs have been observed through telescopes. I know of one telescope sighting by an experienced amateur astronomer in which he observed an object shaped like a guitar pick moving through the telescope's field of view
Further sightings are documented in the book "Wonders in the Sky," in which the authors compile numerous observations of unexplained aerial phenomena made by astronomers and published in scientific journals throughout the 1700s and 1800s
Evidence from government and military officers Some of the most convincing observations have come from government officials
In 1997, the Chilean government formed the organization Comité de Estudios de Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos, or CEFAA, to study UFOs
Last year, CEFAA released footage of a UFO taken with a helicopter-mounted Wescam infrared camera
The countries of Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Ecuador, France, New Zealand, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom have been declassifying their UFO files since 2008
The French Committee for In-Depth Studies, or COMETA, was an unofficial UFO study group comprised of high-ranking scientists and military officials that studied UFOs in the late 1990s
They released the COMETA Report, which summarized their findings. They concluded that 5 percent of the encounters were reliable yet inexplicable: The best hypothesis available was that the observed craft were extraterrestrial
They also accused the United States of covering up evidence of UFOs. Iran has been concerned about spherical UFOs observed near nuclear power facilities that they call "CIA drones" which reportedly are about 30 feet in diameter, can achieve speeds up to Mach 10, and can leave the atmosphere
Such speeds are on par with the fastest experimental aircraft, but unthinkable for a sphere without lift surfaces or an obvious propulsion mechanism
In December 2017, The New York Times broke a story about the classified Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program, which was a $22 million program run by the former Pentagon official Luis Elizondo and aimed at studying UFOs
Elizondo resigned from running the program protesting extreme secrecy and the lack of funding and support
Following his resignation Elizondo, along with several others from the defense and intelligence community, were recruited by the To the Stars Academy of Arts & Science, which was recently founded by Tom DeLonge to study UFOs and interstellar travel
In conjunction with the launch of the academy, the Pentagon declassified and released three videos of UFO encounters taken with forward looking infrared cameras mounted on F-18 fighter jets
While there is much excitement about such disclosures, I am reminded of a quote from Retired Army Colonel John Alexander: "Disclosure has happened
… I've got stacks of generals, including Soviet generals, who've come out and said UFOs are real
My point is, how many times do senior officials need to come forward and say that this is real?" A topic worthy of serious study There is a great deal of evidence that a small percentage of these UFO sightings are unidentified structured craft exhibiting flight capabilities beyond any known human technology
While there is no single case for which there exists evidence that would stand up to scientific rigor, there are cases with simultaneous observations by multiple reliable witnesses, along with radar returns and photographic evidence revealing patterns of activity that are compelling
Declassified information from covert studies is interesting, but not scientifically helpful
This is a topic worthy of open scientific inquiry, until there is a scientific consensus based on evidence rather than prior expectation or belief
If there are indeed extraterrestrial craft visiting Earth, it would greatly benefit us to know about them, their nature and their intent
Moreover, this would present a great opportunity for mankind, promising to expand and advance our knowledge and technology, as well as reshaping our understanding of our place in the universe
Kevin Knuth, Associate Professor of Physics, University at Albany, State University of New York This article was originally published on The Conversation
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This version of the article was originally published on Space.com.
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