Waching daily Jul 6 2017

life is the most complex thing in the known universe just ask anybody in the

White House abundant on earth hugely successful in colonizing every available

niche it seems that once started life is unstoppable but does that mean there's

life on other planets elsewhere in the universe

so far we have not seen signs of life elsewhere and not for lack of trying

is there other life for traces of former life out there is there now or has there

ever been intelligent life anywhere but on our earth with a hundred billion

galaxies the order of a hundred billion galaxies each containing the order of a

hundred billion stars most of which we now know have their own planets the

probability of life having evolved elsewhere seems very very high indeed on

the numbers it seems highly likely that intelligent life has evolved in the

universe at some other time at some other place and maybe is out there now

how will we find out for sure tonight we're going to take you on a journey

from Earth through the solar system the planets around other stars in the search

for life let's start with the earth and I note that some have asked whether

there's intelligent life on earth I believe there is but let me turn it over

now to Gavin Schmidt Gavin

is the only example we have so far of a planet with a biosphere as we get

further away earth shrinks from a recognizably inhabited place to a blue

dot and then to just a tiny point in orbit around the Sun the further out we

go the harder it is to tell that there is life on Earth but there has been life

on Earth for more than three billion years the universe has existed for 13.8

billion years since the Big Bang and our solar system has been around for the

last 4.6 billion years of those but remarkably quickly after the solar

system formed and rocky planets condensed and cooled there was liquid

water on the surface of our planet for a planet 4.5 billion years old we have

evidence of water from only 0.2 billion years later but it took life perhaps

another 500 million years to appear early life-forms weren't much to look at

but life itself has been here a long time we don't yet know how life got

started there are many theories but we do know that it got going under some

very challenging conditions the Sun was 30 percent dimmer than today but with

more solar flares there was no oxygen and therefore no ozone layer to protect

the surface from harsh ultraviolet rays but earth did have the ingredients

necessary to support life a solvent like water an energy source and abundant

nutrients for 1.5 billion years this primitive life survived in the oceans

protected by the waters opacity but around 2.5 billion years ago bacteria

started to use sunlight directly to fuse water and carbon dioxide to make sugars

which were then used as food but every molecule of carbon dioxide they

used and there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere they released

a molecule of oxygen those bacteria were followed by photosynthesizing algae

mosses and plants and eventually after a number of false starts the oxygen built

up in the atmosphere until around 500 million years ago it got close to

present-day concentrations giving a start to the huge variety of land

animals insects and plants we see today meanwhile the climate was not static the

planet went through cycles of snowballs and hothouses driven by plate tectonics

volcanism greenhouse gases and impacts indeed it was only after the last

snowball earth event that set the stage that the stage was set for the evolution

of multicellular life in the early carrion 600 million years ago the new

species that were rapidly born evolved and died changed the planet forever the

surface became completely covered you could say infected infested with life

and that life affected the climate changing the composition of the

atmosphere the reflectivity of the surface and the cycling of water

radically transforming the view from space life co-created the broad array of

special unique ecosystems and micro climates the characterized the earth

today visible even from a million miles away but remember for most of the time

that life existed on earth it did not have a land fingerprint and the oxygen

that we now rely on wasn't detectable for perhaps half that time under those

conditions or any others in Earth's history how can we know what would have

been seen from further away this is where our understanding of current

climates and processes the control composition clouds and dynamics come

into play we can simulate the impacts of climate on life and the

packs of life on climate at each stage of our planets history simulations which

include the physics of clouds oceans ice and about mysteric particles like dust

we can take those results and then project how those climates would look

from space from beyond the even the solar system but we can go further we

can even simulate the climate the climates of Venus and Mars 3 billion

years ago when they were both very different places places that perhaps

also had the seeds of life and Jen can discuss that if life ever existed in our

solar system then it found a way to adapt to extreme conditions conditions

that may be more extreme than what we have on earth I am constantly amazed to

find that life has adapted to every niche no matter how harsh the

environment take for example the extraordinary springs of the law in the

Danakil desert of Ethiopia these Springs are hot salty rich and heavy metals and

their acidic micro organisms thrive in these pools even the pools of pH less

than one that's more acidic than battery acid life adapted another example the

Atacama Desert in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains it is the driest land

desert on earth this Martian like landscape has been shaped by the wind

and salty aerosols for millions of years it has been one of the most challenging

places to find evidence of life and yet it's there a few cells here and their

life adapted one last example and this one really baffles me Chernobyl this

diverse life the diverse life in this agricultural region is punctuated by the

presence of fungi that live off the radiation from the 1986

down of reactor for these fungi use the radiation the gamma radiation in the

same way plants use sunlight to grow life adapted on earth could life have

arisen and adapted to the extreme conditions of other places in our solar

system we're going to find out we will search for biomolecules the organic

compounds that make up life its food and waste products we may need to extend

that search to other types of signatures to build confidence in that detection we

might search for active cells and catch extraterrestrial life in action we might

search for fossilized cells in ancient rocks and ice

Gavin explained that earth is the only known biosphere

however Mars is a close neighbor although it is like it looks like a

rusty barren plant today its history was very similar to Earth in the beginning

did life arise on Mars around the same time that life arose on earth why are

these two planets so vastly different today both Earth and Mars had a liquid

core when they formed movement of this molten iron generated a magnetic field

that shield the atmosphere and surface from being blasted by ionizing radiation

earth maintains this magnetic field but not so for Mars convection of the

Martian core slowed or stopped four billion years ago without the protection

of the magnetic field the powerful solar wind streaming continuously from the

young Sun crashed into the Red Planet piling up in front of it like a bow wave

a ship except in this case the wave is charged particles that electrically

strip away the Martian atmosphere this process continued for eons regulated by

the sun's activity and slowly stripped away all gases from the volcanoes and

the rocks with a magnetic field and atmosphere mostly gone the rocky surface

of Mars was bombarded

ionizing radiation from the galaxy and the Sun this radiation comes in the form

of photons such as UV x-ray and gamma rays as well as charged particles

however unlike what we experience here on earth all of these forms have an

enormous amount of energy when ionizing radiation encounters

molecules it changes them radiation damage to molecules means damage to life

and the signatures that we seek we know that life adapts if life ever existed on

Mars did it adapt to the harsh radiation environment at or near at surface life

has surprised us on earth and perhaps life will surprises on Mars too I have

spent the last 4 years exploring Mars through the imagers and

the instruments of the Curiosity rover we have discovered that Mars is not

really red it's gray with a rusty skin Mars is not really dry either liquid

water on Mars formed rivers deltas lakes maybe seas it has been cold and warm

acidic and alkaline its surface and atmospheric chemistry evolved it has

organic matter and the key nutrients needed for life we have only scratched

the surface of Mars and begun to decipher his story did life ever live

there is there life on Mars now and could life live here in the future

beyond Mars we will search for life in the ocean worlds of the moons of Jupiter

and Saturn Jupiter has a magnetic field 20,000 times stronger than Earth's the

field produces a doughnut-shaped belt around the planet in which charged

particles get trapped Europa is a water ice covered ocean world and one of great

interest as a possible abode for life it sits right smack in the middle of

Jupiter's magnetic belt which means that it is being bombarded

by intense amounts of radiation although the Europan surface is

inhospitable it may offer a glimpse of the chemistry of what lies beneath

Europa's thick crust is insufficient is sufficient for protecting the underlying

global ocean from radiation and it is hypothesized that Europa may have

hydrothermal vents stemming from is rocky interior and if so these are ideal

sites for life and they support the potential of life in the ocean now let's

go to Saturn where the moons are embedded in the Rings where we think

life may exist on some of these moons like Europa and saw this as an icy ocean

world and in 2005 the Cassini spacecraft witness geysers of gas are rising from

the surface these plumes are direct conduits to a deep ocean we might search

for signs of life by flying through these plumes and then there's heightened

a rocky moon with seas of liquid methane and an atmosphere of organic smog Titan

is drenched in hydrocarbons and it's cold enough to freeze most of them life

as we know it is largely made of hydrocarbons although it may be a

stretch of our imagination to think that life might live here it is considered

potentially habitable did life arise on Titan there are possibilities for

extraterrestrial life in our solar system

however as Aki will explain there are even more possibilities of life outside

of it

if we're going to look for life that's really earth-like we need to look for

planets around other stars exoplanets for short when I started undergrad we

only knew of nine planets in the solar system actually eight now and in grad

school we thought exoplanets would be rare twenty years ago we discovered the

first planet around another star since that time we've gone from a few planets

in the solar system to literally thousands of exoplanets orbiting other

stars and we have only searched a tiny portion of the galaxy with the Kepler

space mission we think there's at least one exoplanet for every star in the

galaxy which would mean over a hundred billion planets in the Milky Way alone

so that's at least 14 planets for every human on earth and the Milky Way is only

one of a myriad of galaxies in the universe we've found that the planet

formation process is more robust and easy than we thought and exoplanets are

common they can form around all different kinds of stars even ones not

like the Sun there are even planets around binary stars like Tatooine and

star wars to our delighted surprise exoplanets are not only common but

diverse the first planets discovered are unlike anything we have in the solar

system they are hot Jupiters massive gassy

planets orbiting closer to their stars than mercury orbits our Sun so in the

solar system we have two basic classes of planets we have massive gas giants

like Jupiter and small rocky planets like Earth but there's all sizes of

planets out there from super Jupiter's to Neptune's to rocky planets several

times more massive than Earth all the way down to true earth sized planets so

with all this richness of planetary real estate it encourages us to start

thinking more ambitiously to search for those rocky planets that are actually

like earth we may have already found some but we actually can't tell right

now what their surfaces are really like so as gavin mentioned Earth's abundant

surface life makes it unique in the solar system and this is probably

the only kind of life that we can detect from really far away there might be

other kinds of life on other kinds of worlds out there but we probably won't

be able to recognize it so astronomers are really focused on finding the true

earth twins out there and we will look for them in the habitable zones of

nearby stars so the habitable zone is the region

around a star where an earth-like planet is just the right temperature to have

liquid water on its surface the key ingredient for earth life so for the Sun

the habitable zone stretches from just outside Venus's orbit to Mars for bigger

brighter stars the habitable zone moves out to cool off like moving away from a

campfire and then for smaller dimmer stars the habitable zone moves in to

keep the planet warm now this spectrum is how astronomers want to look for life

on other worlds it's the light from the earth as if it were really far away

separated by color don't panic we'll go through it okay so this rise in

brightness on the far left is literally our blue sky and this narrow dip comes

from oxygen which is produced by plants these several deep dips come from water

vapour and then over here is a methane feature so methane in our atmosphere

comes largely comes from bacteria in the guts of our livestock and in swamps so

the Earth's atmosphere is full of biosignatures gases that wouldn't be

present in our atmosphere without life now the technical challenge of ever

seeing something like this is one of the hardest things scientists have ever

thought of trying and here is why the earth is ten billion times fainter than

the Sun so if the looks or sky beam the brightest man-made light in the world is

the Sun the earth is four candles on your dinner table but astronomers

actually observe things that faint all the time the real problem is those four

candles are sitting right next to the bright lights if we're looking at the

solar system from 33 light-years away which is not that far it's pretty nearby

the separation between the Earth and the Sun is point one arc seconds or the

width of a human hair from distance of two football fields so

imagine trying to see those candles if they were right on top of the Luxor sky

beam we have to suppress the light from the star before we can see the faint

blue dot next to it there are a couple of different technologies people have

come up with to do this one of them is a star shade a gigantic deployed screen

that would fly tens of thousands of kilometers in front of a telescope you'd

be aligned with a star to block its bright light but this telescope is a

relatively small one if we really want to get a spectrum like the earth one I

showed we need a bigger telescope so nASA has begun a concept study for a

super-duper Hubble called leVoir which will search for dozens of earth-like

planets and probe their atmospheres in addition it would enable a wide range of

general astronomy just like Hubble did with powerful future missions we could

see the pale blue dot of Carl Sagan's imagining and have a fighting chance of

finding life out there among the stars so to put this grand endeavor into

perspective we turn to Pierce

the universe is really big and really old life has been on earth for about

four billion years now we know that in the universe physics and chemistry are

the same everywhere a hydrogen atom here is just the same as a hydrogen atom on

the other end of universe the laws of physics and chemistry work the same

everywhere now we strongly suspect based on an example of one our earth that the

laws of biology worked the same everywhere - and by then I mean the laws

that Charles Darwin discovered for us we think that based on these laws that

evolution can drive life to greater complexity and ultimately to

intelligence it's the smart thing to do now look at this tree of life we can see

intelligent animals that were familiar with humans elephants dolphins these

creatures are very closely related to us but look over here on the far right

there's one other intelligence and invertebrate intelligence that evolved

completely separately from the rest of us they split off from us before brains

were even thought of when all creatures had were just a few No nerve cells

octopuses have an intelligence that's comparable to quite a lot of mammals and

it evolved completely separately these guys are like little aliens living with

us on our own planet if you look at an octopus you can see that its brains are

actually distributed all over its body most of its brains were in its feet or

in his legs and they're connected to the nerve center in his head by a neural

network it's a distributed intelligence but it turns out that they think pretty

much the same way that mammals do they self problems they seem to be self-aware

they have a short-term memory and a long-term memory they learn and they get

mad they basically tank all the business of

living in a complex environment the same way that we mammals do we think that we

understand how an octopus thinks so the secret of intelligence is in the

software it's not in the hardware it's very likely that an alien intelligence

would be comprehensible to us in the same way that an octopus is thoughts are

more or less comprehensible to us too we should be able to communicate with them

if we met them so you'd think there'd be plenty of opportunities for life to

evolve somewhere else and maybe swing by the earth or at least call on the radio

but we haven't found any alien monolith or beer cans or cigarette ends and we

have not heard them tweeting on the radio either so where are they that's

what Johnny von neumann asked where are they there are lots of theories about

that but I'm going to concentrate on the more plausible ones first of all there's

the water trap maybe the world's that have water on them are all ocean for the

most part and if that's the case you can't discover combustion you can't make

metals so you can't make a radio or a spaceship if our dolphin friends lived

on the notion planet they would be stuck where they are in the Stone Age forever

we might discover intelligent life here but they could be incredibly boring

talking endlessly about the flavours of different kinds of plantain and that

sort of thing when we be on a planet that has dry land but no metals or very

few metals same problem you can't develop a technology and how about the

difficulty of interstellar travel maybe it's just too hard it looks like a real

challenge for us it could be a couple of hundred years before we try that maybe

it's just too hard and then there's a great sci-fi standbys hostile races

evolved they wipe out everyone else that's sort of like

and I think we should move on quickly this is meant to be a fun evening and

then there's another theory which is that we could be the first we could be

the first intelligence to evolve in this part of the galaxy someone has to be we

could be the elder race so here's a time history of Earth when you look at all

the time that life has been here nearly 4 billion years

humans have only been around for a couple of hundred thousand years

civilization for about six thousand years depending how you count it and our

technical era only for 200 years when you look at this picture it is obvious

that the most likely first alien life-forms that we discover will not be

intelligent they will be somewhere back here equivalent to life on Earth during

the first 3 billion years of evolution similarly nearby life on an extra planet

is probably plotting its way up the evolutionary ladder remember how long it

took us to get where we are where we could even think about life elsewhere so

what are the chances of us finding anything or anybody

soon here's a timeline of missions for exploring the solar system with some

notional ideas of what we'll be doing in the next 50 years I think that over the

next 30 to 50 years we will have thoroughly explored every nook and

cranny of the solar system and seen or determined where there is life here or

past life or not I think there's a good chance we'll nail like them on flat and

there is a chance of looking for bio signatures in the atmospheres of

exoplanets here's the missions again pretty notional I'm gonna solve 30 to 50

year time frame in the future that we could see looking at exoplanets where

we'd be looking for traces of life in their atmospheres it turns out that we

Earthlings have the prime real estate in our solar system

far as having a habitable environment is concerned most of the rest of the solar

system looks like a really tough place to live

but you never know we need to thoroughly check out our own

backyard as well as the planets around other stars we'd look like idiots

if we fail to check for life close to home and fail for lack of trying now

back to the beginning John Holdren question why do we even care about this

stuff we think it goes beyond just intellectual curiosity it's in our

nature because we humans grow up as part of nature and need to pay attention to

it I want you to imagine what humans could do in a couple of hundred years or

so imagine a probe from Earth entering the solar system of another star after a

journey of decades maybe a century note the MSB our logo what would it find my

advice to you is eat healthy don't smoke don't jaywalk and you might find out

it'd be good to find out that were not alone thank you for your attention

I guess you're about the only person around it doesn't have TV we are

Oh

on fire please

For more infomation >> THE SEARCH FOR LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE - NASM 2016 - Duration: 29:20.

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WISE Words with Musa Kalenga - Playing the long game for long term sustainability - Duration: 3:16.

Your write in your book about Playing the long game, how is that important in long term

sustainability?

Yeah, I think it's crucial and the long game as a concept is essentially pretty much making

sure that you're future fit if you can use an academic term.

Future fitness says how do you build now for an undefined and unnamed future?

For me the long game is important because the steps that we take today in your personal

capacity and as a business, whatever you want to call it, the steps that you take today

should have a fundamental impact on where you are in the future. Some of the things that

I've made sure that I've done in my life is I've tried to define as much as possible in

a five year cycle what that end game looks like, and I re-visit it often.

When I was a young thunder cat and I wasn't married it was easy because I would just pivot.

Now that I'm married with children and I've got a wife I have to take on the journey it

is really important to try and articulate that as best as possible.

Now life happens and things change and I'm not one those people that's rigid, but if

you have that kind of plan and you bring the people in your life on the journey it often

makes it a little bit easier and I think it helps to guide some of the crucial moment

decisions so there will be points where can kind of pivot either one way or the other

and if you've got a reference point that you can say, does this fit into my long term plan

it really helps.

The second thing is the skills an the things you need to learn to be where you need to

be, so as you know the life that you live in now is a continuous point of learning.

My favourite futurist Alvin, Alvin Toffler he speaks about illiteracy and in our context

not speaking about reading and writing, but being about not being able to learn un-learn

and re-learn.

So the long game is that you need to consistently assess what you need to learn and what you

need to un-learn in order to achieve what you want to achieve.

If you have those two levers around getting the people around you to buy into your long

term whether it's personal or professional and then figuring out what you need to learn

or what you need to pick up or what you need to forget to be able to achieve that I think

is important.

It needs to be deliberate and it needs to be done in a state where you're not emotional

so that you can have a very kind of neutral view and preferably if you articulate it and

put pen to paper it always makes it easier to achieve, then you hold yourself accountable.

I don't think we think about having to forget about things in order to grow, but it's a

valid point.

Yeah, I've found a lot of the time, my children have taught me this.

You don't realise how much on-board when you're raised in a particular family context.

Then you get married and you realise Jeez, this person is so different from me, then

you have children and you realise, Wow, they've been learning from what I'm doing, right,

so there's certain things I shouldn't be doing for them to learn the right thing and so that

for me has been the conscious, okay there's stuff I need to not do, right, if I want to

have my children be raised in a particular way, and because of the way I was raised I

do things in a certain way.

What do I need not to do for my children to have a better outcome, so that's generally

the context of most of the time where I need to forget stuff, not forget, but un-learn

and teach myself a new way of doing things.

For more infomation >> WISE Words with Musa Kalenga - Playing the long game for long term sustainability - Duration: 3:16.

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10+ BEST WordPress Themes For StartUps And Small Business - Duration: 6:53.

One of the most important steps when launching any type of business these days (especially

a startup) is to build a website to let everybody know what your mission is and what you have

to offer.

Hi, guys.

Robert here from ThemeIsle.com and I welcome you to our channel.

In this video, you're gonna see some of the best WordPress themes for new companies.

These themes are not available for free, but we talk about business, right?

A business without investment does not exist, and we all know that free themes have limited

custom capabilities.

By the way, some of them have free versions too, and you can access the link in the description

box below for download.

Let's get started with the Business Themes.

For an instant good karma, get this theme!

I'm joking of course, but beyond any joke, Karma is an animated theme, with a modern

and professional look you can use to showcase your business portfolio.

It provides MegaMenus, widgets, social buttons, video slides, and video post formats.

Karma has an elegant design and is fully customizable.

So, if you feel this is for you, choose Karma to be online.

A multipurpose WordPress theme that can be used for any kind of business.

It looks clean, professional, and interactive.

It also provides a full-width video header, animations, and lazy loading.

Pixova Pro offers WooCommerce integration and a single page layout.

It has a responsive retina ready design, unlimited colors and unlimited Google fonts.

One of the greatest themes of 2015, Divi has a modern and multi-purpose design.

Created to be a one-page theme, it has helpful drag-and-drop options, parallax scrolling,

an animated slider, media files integration and many customization options.

All this makes it a great choice for people searching for quality small business WordPress

themes for startups.

This theme is fully responsive with parallax and video backgrounds, pre-made layouts and

it's fully customizable.

A stunning and beautiful WordPress theme that will help your startup get the attention it

deserves.

It has a simple and artistic look, which will fit well a creative site, but which can match

a business of any type as well.

In fact, H-Code comes with lots of demos, so you can pick the right one for your niche.

A minimalist and clean theme for startups and small businesses of any kind.

It can be a great promoter of your services or creative works.

Built to support portfolios and online stores, Hestia will offer your business an elegant

and stylish online presence, along with modern features.

Heastia has a responsive material design with newsletter subscription call-to-action.

It is WooCommerce ready and allows you to set custom colors through the Live Customizer.

You can set a Featured Slider and a Portfolio Section as well.

This is a clean and professional theme for small businesses and agencies, with a neat

and elegant look, a full-screen slider, and many styles of portfolios.

The theme has a modern, minimalist look, that will help you direct your users' attention

to your works and skills.

A clean and modern theme for startups and software promotion.

It comes with multiple homepage styles, one-page layout, and smooth scrolling.

KeySoft is a great theme for people who want to showcase their products in a professional,

stunning way.

The unique way in which this theme was created makes it one of the best WordPress themes

for startups on the market currently.

X is actually more like a theme package rather than a single theme.

It offers four different design styles (and more to come).

It is fully customizable, and you can change almost everything you want.

The design is mobile responsive and Retina-ready.

Flat is a colorful WordPress theme for startups.

Every section has a different vivid color, great animations, and an elegant scrolling

feature.

It can be used for both single page or multi-page websites.

The various transition effects like fly-in, fade-in, slide-in, drop-in, animated circles

and progress bars can be used to showcase different aspects of your business.

You can use extra shortcodes, drag-and-drop builder and many other customization options

to build awesome pages.

Custom post types like Timeline, Portfolio, Testimonials, and Team are also included.

I almost forgot to mention that it is WooCommerce ready.

Supernova is a modern WordPress theme, coming with all the necessary features and options

you need when launching and promoting your business.

This theme is fully customizable, so you can adjust it to fit your brand perfectly.

It comes with video and audio post formats, portfolio, online shop and more.

To see an extended list of Small Business WordPress themes, please follow the link in

the description box below this video.

For more infomation >> 10+ BEST WordPress Themes For StartUps And Small Business - Duration: 6:53.

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SPACE STATION GO FOR ASSEMBLY - 1998 SPACE DOCUMENTARY - Duration: 11:34.

okay I've done another the year was 1965 astronaut ed white was the first

American ever to venture out of the safety of a spacecraft for 23 minutes he

was the spacecraft conducting the first extra vehicular activity or evey a many

more would follow astronauts donned spacesuits to explore the moon during

Apollo to perform repairs in the first US space station Skylab in the 1970s and

to perform all inspiring feats from the space shuttle from flying in space

untethered to capturing a faulty satellite by hand but the greatest

challenge for space walkers lies ahead with the Assembly of the International

Space Station the biggest spacecraft ever built

astronauts will assemble the station in Earth orbit largely by hand assisted by

a new generation of space robotics hundreds of cables and lines carrying

our fluids gases and communications will be manually connected during 75

different spacewalks for a total of over 500 hours more space walking hours than

nASA has conducted in its entire history it will be one of the most exciting and

difficult challenges ever confronted in orbit for almost the past decade nASA

has been preparing for the new era of EDA an era where astronauts will turn

Earth orbit into a hands-on construction site special tools techniques and

equipment have been designed and regularly tested in space as nASA has

geared up for the job one of the first challenges to overcome was the location

of the worksite the Space Shuttle will carry its orbital

construction workers 250 miles above the earth where the astronauts assembling

the station will encounter new temperature extremes for space station I

think we've had to test to in the neighborhood of 150 to 175 degrees below

zero and in the other extreme it can be 200 or more degrees above zero to

prepare for station construction spacesuits were redesigned so that

astronauts could lower the cooling in the suit during the frigid orbital

nights and activate fingertip heaters in the gloves astronaut mike bernhard

tested the improved suit for a short period of time about 25 minutes or so i

was up on the arm in the coldest possible place on the shuttle and it

turned out these modifications were wonderful I was completely comfortable

to make better work clothes for astronauts new helmet lights new tool

holders and other improvements have been added to the spacesuits

so some space suits can remain on the station for maintenance tasks a resizing

capability has even been added so different crew members can fit into the

same suit saving space and lowering costs in addition to suit enhancements

for spacewalks a variety of power tools pliers and wrenches have been developed

specifically designed for the nuts and bolts worth of station assembly NASA

also has addressed the problem of how to carry those tools across the length of

the station which is equal to the size of a football field we needed a more

efficient way for the crew members to be able to transport themselves and tools

and repair parts around on the outside of the station and I sat down with the

station personnel and basically on the back of a piece of paper sketched out

what eventually became the CETA cart crew and equipment translation assembly

in 1991 three versions of the cart were tested in the shuttle payload Bay one

even resembling a railroad cart the final decision was to use the manually

powered cita cart which will allow astronauts to slide themselves and their

tools along the 350-foot truss of the station working with tools in the

weightlessness of space can present its own unique challenges for astronauts the

biggest thing that is different in space is that you really have to

be careful about starting a rate that is if you start to spin around you're going

to keep spinning until you can grab something and stop that to provide an

anchor point for astronauts rigid tethers portable work platforms and foot

restraints have been developed and tested and will become a standard during

station assembly the space tools and equipment will assist astronauts with a

primary task to connect hundreds of wires and cables creating a network for

power communications fluids and gases running along the outside of the station

shuttle astronauts have already practiced and tested techniques in space

the fasten cables and connect fluid and power lines in addition the Hubble Space

Telescope servicing mission is added important experience in making cable

connections astronauts discovered that flexible bundles of cables can become as

stiff as lead pipes in the chill of space and the repetitive connecting

tests can cause hand fatigue when working in bulky pressurized gloves new

measures have been developed to ensure the astronauts safety during Space

Station construction as well a primary concern is staying connected to the

station unlike the space shuttle the station cannot retrieve an astronaut he

drifts away astronauts have tested various types of tethers for station

assembly but should someone become disconnected from the spacecraft a

special space lifejacket has been developed called safer during flight

test for safer astronaut Marc Lee found that no matter which direction he was

turned the safer could always help him find his way on you had an attitude hold

so you could hit the attitude holding button what it would do is stop you as

you maybe stopping where you're looking out and you know in deep space and you

realize while the shuttles in back of me so you turn around once you get

references then you can orient yourself and fly back even with shuttle flights

to prepare for a station assembly building a space station takes practice

the neutral buoyancy lab at the Johnson Space Center has been called the biggest

swimming pool in the world the six point five million gallon facility was

constructed specifically for astronauts to rehearse space station assembly to

the best way that we have found here on the ground to replicate as best we can

what it's like to actually be in zero gravity of space and be in your

spacesuit and do an e VA or a spacewalk is to put a crew member into a spacesuit

put them into the water at 40 feet deep the pool is large enough to house full

scale replicas of the giant space station components providing astronauts

a realistic setting for their training during assembly

the astronauts won't be alone they will be joined by robots

the shuttles canadian-built robot arm which has demonstrated time and again

its ability to deploy and retrieve large satellites will be used to maneuver

large pieces of the station for the big tasks you get the robot to do it just

like a construction site on earth you get the crane to lift the heavy piece

you put it in place and then once it's in place someone comes in and does up

the bolts and plugs it in and if something's not working right they can

get in there by hand and fix it eventually the space station will

receive its own robot arm also built by Canada representing the next generation

in robotics it will have more capabilities specifically designed for

station assembly and maintenance it's got more joints it's more articulating

in other words it has the ability to bend in more places than the shoulder

elbow and risk that that this shuttle on has the new arm will even have the

ability to attach itself on one end and disconnect on the other end effectively

in schwarmann cross the station a new robotic canada hand can be attached to

the end of the arm for work and intricate tasks that were impossible for

past robotics as robotic arms and hands assist during station assembly and

maintenance robotic eyes will give astronauts a new visual advantage a

small free flying basketball sized robot called air cam will be used to conduct

up-close site surveys of the station and assist in EPA's by broadcasting video

back to station crews or ground controllers the little robots views may

cut down the amount of time you have to spend conducting spacewalks

another set of eyes called the space vision system who provide far more than

just pictures tested on several shuttle missions the system uses targets the

shuttles payload Bay cameras and a series of computers to create an

artificial image of a module providing precision information to the robot arm

operator where it should be moved the International Space Station will be

covered with close to 250 space vision system targets to help astronauts with

assembly just as astronauts rehearse on the earth for space walking robotic

assembly operations must also be practiced at the Johnson Space Center

astronauts use giant inflatable balloons to stand in for station modules giving

them a chance to practice robot arm operations in addition a domed simulator

uses computer animation to allow astronauts to rehearse the assembly

missions with realistic visuals training in the simulators and the real space

experience gained from past shuttle flights are all coming together

preparing astronauts in the best ways possible but the assembly work that lies

ahead or considerably smarter it's been an evolutionary process we continue to

get better tools better equipment better procedures we do have a tremendous

challenge ahead of us that's going to be one of the more exciting periods of

manned spaceflight for facing those challenges there will be rewards the

Assembly of the International Space Station will create a state-of-the-art

laboratory complex in space to study medicine sciences and the environment a

cooperative effort of 15 nations it is the most complex international project

ever conducted ultimately the lessons learned and the technology developed

from building the station will also help blazed the trail for further exploration

beyond Earth's orbit it gives all of us working on carrying human presence

farther into the solar system much more experience and experience that really we

can't do it out if we want to go back out to a moon or way out in

to visit Mars one day there's really a an unavoidable path that you have to go

through to gain that experience and Space Station provides that

stepping-stone to go down

my person around that doesn't have TV coverage of the food and I don't man

got the flag up now yes we are

but diet please