Urinary incontinence is a problem where the process of urination, also called micturition,
happens involuntarily - meaning that a person might urinate without intending to.
Urinary incontinence is particularly problematic because it affects a person's personal hygiene
as well as their social life in a way that can be very limiting.
Normally, urine is held in the bladder, which receives urine from two ureters coming down
from the kidneys and has one exit for the urine - out the urethra.
As urine flows from the kidney, through the ureters and into the bladder, the bladder
begins to expand into the abdomen.
The bladder is able to expand and contract because it's wrapped in a muscular layer,
called the detrusor muscle, and within that, lining the bladder itself is a layer of transitional
epithelium containing "umbrella cells".
These umbrella cells get their name because they physically stretch out as the bladder
fills, just like an umbrella opening up in slow-motion.
In a grown adult, the bladder can expand to hold about 750ml, slightly less in women than
men because the uterus takes up space crowding out the bladder a bit.
Okay - so when the urine is collecting in the bladder, there are basically two "doors"
that are shut, holding that urine in.
The first door is the internal sphincter muscle, which is made of smooth muscle and is under
involuntary control - meaning that it opens and closes automatically.
Typically, the internal sphincter muscle opens up when the bladder is about half full.
Now the second door is the external sphincter muscle, and it's made of skeletal muscle
and is under voluntary control - meaning that it opens and closes when a person wants it
to.
This is the reason that it's possible to stop urine mid-stream by tightening up that
muscle - also called doing kegel exercises.
Once urine has passed through the external sphincter muscle, it exits the body - in women
the exit is immediate and in men the urine flows through the penis before it exits.
When specialized nerves called stretch receptors in the bladder wall sense that the bladder
is about half full, they send impulses to the spinal cord, specifically the sacral spinal
cord at levels S2 and S3, known as the micturition center, and the brain, specifically two locations
in the pons—the pontine storage center and pontine micturition center.
The spinal cord response is part of the micturition reflex.
It causes an increase in parasympathetic stimulation and decrease in sympathetic stimulation which
makes the detrusor muscle contract and the internal sphincter relax.
It also decreases motor nerve stimulation to the external sphincter allowing it to relax
as well.
Urination would occur at this point, if not for the pons.
The pons is the region of the brain that we train to voluntarily control urination.
If we want to delay urination, the pontine storage center overrides the micturition reflex,
and when we want to urinate, the pontine micturition center allows for the micturition reflex to
occur.
There are a few types of urinary incontinence.
The first is urge incontinence, which is when someone has a sudden urge to urinate because
of an "overactive bladder", followed immediately by involuntary urination.
This is typically due to an uninhibited detrusor muscle that contracts randomly.
This usually results in frequent urination, especially at night.
To treat urge incontinence, the focus is on decreasing the detrusor muscle activity.
Relaxation techniques to relax the bladder as well as antimuscarinic medications can
decrease detrusor muscle contractions.
Next there's stress incontinence which is usually due to increased abdominal pressure
that overwhelms the sphincter muscles and allows urine to leak out.
Think exertion - sneezing, coughing, laughing – anything that puts pressure on the bladder.
This is also relevant during pregnancy when a growing baby puts tremendous pressure on
the bladder and causes stress incontinence in some women.
The classic finding is urinary leakage with pressure applied to the abdomen.
Stress incontinence treatments typically focus on strengthening the external sphincter muscle
by doing things like Kegel exercises.
Another type is overflow incontinence which is typically caused by some sort of problem
with emptying the bladder.
This could be due to a blockage in urine flow, like a hypertrophic prostate in men which
presses on the urethra or an ineffective detrusor muscle.
The result is that the bladder doesn't empty properly, and as a result the bladder fills
up and overflows with urine leaking through the sphincters.
Typically this results in a weak or intermittent urinary stream or hesitancy where it takes
a while for the urine to begin to flow because of a blockage in the path.
Overflow treatments are aimed at reestablishing a clear pathway for urine flow.
For example, that might be through catheterization or medications like alpha-blockers which can
limit prostate enlargement.
Finally, there are various conditions like diabetes, bladder cancer, Parkinson's, and
multiple sclerosis, as well as procedures such as prostatectomy or hysterectomy that
can damage the nerves involved with the micturition reflex, ultimately leading to urinary incontinence.
The symptoms and treatment for these problems depend on the exact condition.
Okay - let's recap.
Urinary incontinence occurs when urine involuntarily leaves the bladder - through the internal
and external sphincter muscles.
Urge incontinence is due to an overactive bladder, stress incontinence is due to too
much pressure for the sphincter muscles to resist, and overflow incontinence is due to
incomplete emptying of the bladder.
Thanks for watching, you can help support us by donating on patreon, or subscribing
to our channel, or telling your friends about us on social media.
For more infomation >> Urinary incontinence - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - Duration: 7:16.-------------------------------------------
'Is Oklahoma ready to legalize marijuana?' - Duration: 3:57.
ANCHOR: WELCOME BACK.
SITTING WITH SCOTT INMAN.
VIEWERS WROTE IN, WHERE DID THE
SURPLUS MONEY OF THE BOOM GO?
WHY DIDN'T THEY PLAN FOR THE
BOOM TO STOP?
IT ALWAYS DOES.
WHAT ARE THEY PREPARED TO DO
WHEN THE NEXT BOOM HITS?
>> IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
SINCE 2004, WE HAVE CUT A
BILLION AND A HALF DOLLARS OF
INCOME TAXES, GIVEN WAY TAX
EXEMPTION.
WHEN THE BOOM HIT, STATES LIKE
NORTH DAKOTA THAT HAD AN 11%
GROSS PRODUCTION TAX, THEY WERE
INVESTING MORE MONEY IN PUBLIC
EDUCATION THAN ANY OTHER STATE
IN THE NATION.
THEY PUT $3 BILLION IN THE RAINY
DAY FUND.
WHEN THE BOOM HIT IN OKLAHOMA,
WE CUT FUNDING FOR PUBLIC
EDUCATION DEEPER THAN ANY OTHER
STATE IN THE NATION AND EMPTIED
THE RAINY DAY AND WE HAD GIVEN
AWAY THE FARM ON INCOME TAXES.
WHEN THE BOOM HIT, OUR TAX
STRUCTURE WASN'T BROAD ENOUGH TO
BRING IN THE REVENUE.
SO THE INDUSTRY DID WELL, PEOPLE
HAD JOBS, BUT THE TAX STRUCTURE
WASN'T SUCKING THE MONEY INTO
THE STATE SO WE COULD USE IT TO
FUND EDUCATION, PUBLIC SAFETY.
IF THE PRICE GOES TO $100 A
BARREL TOMORROW BECAUSE THE
GROSS PRODUCTION TAX IS 2%, HE
COULD PAYING $2.50 FOR GAS --
THAT'S WHY RESTORE INCOME TAX
CUTS AND GROSS PRODUCTION TAXES,
SO THE MONEY COMES BACK INTO THE
STATE AND WE CAN FUND EDUCATION.
>> LEGALIZE MARIJUANA, CAN MAKE
TONS OF MONEY FOR THE STATE
WHILE HELPING PEOPLE.
WIN-WIN TO ME.
WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS?
>> STEPHANIE IS GETTING OUT
THERE.
THERE WILL BE A BALLOT MEASURE
NEXT YEAR ON THE BALLOT THAT
WILL POTENTIALLY LEGALIZE
MEDICINAL MARIJUANA.
I THINK THAT WILL BRING IN A
LITTLE BIT OF REVENUE.
I'M NOT SURE THE STATE IS READY
TO LEGALIZE MARIJUANA LIKE
COLORADO HAS.
ANCHOR: WHY IS THAT?
WHAT'S THE DEAL WITH NOT BEING
READY?
>> THAT I DON'T KNOW.
YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT PUBLIC
POLLS.
THE FACT IT'S AN ILLEGAL DRUG IN
THE UNITED STATES -- THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT VIEWS IT AS AN
ILLEGAL DRUG.
THERE ARE OTHER ISSUES.
FOR THOSE WHO THINK THAT'S THE
CURE-ALL, STATES LIKE COLORADO
AND OTHERS HAVE BROUGHT IN
MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, BUT IT
HASN'T BROUGHT IN A BILLION
DOLLARS.
IT HASN'T DONE THAT YET.
IT WOULD HELP A LITTLE BIT IF IT
PASSED, BUT IT WOULDN'T CURE OUR
PROBLEMS.
ANCHOR: GEORGE ASKS, WHY
DEMOCRATS -- THIS IS BACK TO THE
TEACHER PAY RAISES.
WHY ARE DEMOCRATS ONLY CONCERNED
ABOUT TEACHER RAISES AND NOT ALL
STATE EMPLOYEES?
THERE ARE MORE DEPARTMENTS
NEEDING RAISES.
>> THERE ARE.
WE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT IT.
GEORGE HAS A GOOD QUESTION.
IN OUR PLAN, OUR RESTORING
OKLAHOMA PLAN, WHILE WE'RE
TRYING TO MAKE UP A $900 MILLION
BUDGET HOLE, WE RAISED
$1.4 BILLION TOTAL.
THAT'S WHAT ALL OF OUR PARTS AND
THE GOVERNOR'S PART, THE
CIGARETTE TAX AND SPEAKER'S PLAN
-- THAT'S WHAT IT RAISES.
THAT WOULD RAISE MONEY TO FILL
THE BUDGET TO GIVE TEACHER PAY
RAISES AND RESTORE THE EARNED
INCOME TAX TAX CREDIT TAKEN AWAY
FROM WORKING MOMS.
WE ARE FOCUSING ON STATE
EMPLOYEES AND TEACHERS AND OUR
PLAN TAKES CARE OF THEM.
ANCHOR: I ASKED THIS BEFORE AND
I'LL ASK AGAIN AND WILL DO SO
UNTIL I GET AN ANSWER.
ARE YOU RUNNING FOR GOVERNOR IN
2019?
>> WE'RE NOT READY TO MAKE THE
ANNOUNCEMENT YET.
I THINK OKLAHOMA IS IN DESPERATE
NEED FOR THE YOUNG ENERGETIC
STYLE OF LEADERSHIP.
MY WIFE AND I ARE DETERMINING
-------------------------------------------
BREAKING Trump is PISSED! Look What His Attorney General Is About To Do To Obama ― He Had It Coming! - Duration: 11:54.
BREAKING Trump is PISSED!
Look What His Attorney General Is About To Do To Obama ― He Had It Coming!
After all the lying, deceit, spying, and dirty political games, it looks like Obama might
finally be getting what he deserves for his ongoing antics.
In a recent interview, Attorney General Jeff Sessions made a big announcement regarding
Obama's future that you can be sure has the former president in absolute panic mode.
Throughout his time in office, Obama pretty much got away with whatever the hell he wanted,
as all of his cronies were all in key positions preventing anyone from standing up to him.
Now with leftover crooked officials within Trump's Administration, Obama is still managing
to cause chaos, as evidenced by all the recent intel leaks to the liberal media and illegal
spying on Trump.
But it looks like Obama will soon be paying a huge price for his antics, after what Trump
and his team of badasses have just decided to do about cocky Obama, who still thinks
he can do whatever the hell he wants.
While speaking to Hugh Hewit, AG Sessions said Thursday that he's looking into appointing
outside counsel to investigate actions taken by Obama's Justice Department regarding
Fast and Furious, the IRS' targeting of conservative groups, and also why they failed
to bring criminal charges against Hillary Clinton for her email scandal.
"Well I'm going to do everything I possibly can to restore the independence and professionalism
of the Department of Justice," Sessions said.
"So we'll have to consider whether or not some outside counsel is needed.
Generally, a good review of that internally is the first step before any such decision
is made."
At this point in time, a full investigation into Obama's many crimes should be conducted.
Not only was this idiot never properly vetted to even become president of the United States,
but he undermined our Constitution and committed treason several times with very little opposition.
Now with his ongoing antics with setting up a shadow government with the stated mission
to "resist Trump" along with his illegal spying that could land him a federal indictment,
it's time to once and for all take this treasonous moron down.
H/T [Red Watcher] Motor racing - Timberlake follows Swift as F1 Austin crowd-puller
LONDON (Reuters) - Singer Justin Timberlake has been confirmed as the headline act at
this year's U.S. Formula One Grand Prix as organisers seek to build on the crowd-pulling
success of Taylor Swift's appearance at the 2016 race.
Timberlake, whose Oscar-nominated song 'Can't Stop the Feeling' won him a 10th Grammy Award,
will appear on stage on Saturday Oct. 21 at Austin's Circuit of the Americas (COTA) after
qualifying.
Last year's race ended a trend of declining audiences and drew a record crowd of 269,000
with Swift's first concert of the year watched by some 80,000 people.
"Last year did what we hoped it would do, which is not only enhance an already great
event but also give us the chance to expose a lot of new people to the sport," COTA chairman
Bobby Epstein told Reuters.
"And it worked.
"I think where we saw a big change was in the average number of tickets sold per transaction,
which told me that families were buying.
And so I think we'll see that continue."
The 2017 F1 season, which began in Melbourne last weekend, is the first with the sport
being run by American company Liberty Media, which took control of Formula One in January.
Liberty replaced CVC Capital Partners as the sport's commercial rights holders, with Chase
Carey ousting 86-year-old Bernie Ecclestone as commercial supremo.
F1 has long struggled to get a foothold in the American market, so hopes are high that
Timberlake's performance can build on last year's successful race weekend.
Bad weather hit the track's revenues significantly in 2015, with Saturday's final practice taking
place behind closed doors due to flooded conditions and qualifying moved to the Sunday.
Epstein said COTA would refund 105 percent of the value of any three-day reserved seat
ticket purchased by July 4 if more than two inches of rain falls in the 24-hour period
before the start of the race.
In addition, the ticket would still be good for the race.
Expert Just Announced MILLIONS Of Americans Infected Without Knowing It, Here's What
Everyone Needs To Do Right Now
Over the past week, WikiLeaks released a massive set of documents that revealed the intrusive
hacking secrets of our US intelligence agencies.
From this 8,000 pages of documents, we learned how the government can remotely take over
control of your smartphone and listen and see everything through your camera's mic
and camera.
But disturbingly, it isn't just the NSA that's spying on you.
One expert is revealing how a very common app that you probably have on your phone right
now is spying on you in the sickest way imaginable.
Cyber security expert Gary Miliefskynt stumbled upon this extremely disturbing find after
noticing that his phone began acting strangely, relaying in a recent interview how the GPS
on his phone would just randomly turn on.
So Miliefskynt started doing a little digging, and soon realized that the culprit was the
flashlight app that he had on his smart phone.
He then set out to do a complete investigation of Google's top 10 flashlight apps where
he found that ALL OF THEM contained malicious software, allowing the countries of China,
India, and Russia immediate access to everything that's stored on your phone.
After downloading this app, these countries then have access to all your personal info,
including your name, location, credit card numbers, bank account information, family
photos, videos, as well as every single contact that you have stored.
Once a user downloads the app, all of this information is then sent out to a satellite
dish that's attached to the app, where the snooping and stealing of your highly-guarded
secrets then begins.
Here's the top 10 spying apps and their capabilities:
Super Bright LED Flashlight Brightest Flashlight Free
Tiny Flashlight + LED Flashlight
Brightest LED Flashlight Color Flashlight
High-Powered Flashlight Flashlight: LED Torch Light
Flashlight HD Led Flashlight
Miliefskynt went on to say that the this type of malware is how nation states are collecting
insane amounts of personal information on Americans, where they can then sell the info,
or use for criminal purposes.
But what's even more disturbing is that simply deleting the app will not make the
problem go away, as the trojans attached to the app will still run in the background,
still able to access anything and everything on your phone.
The only thing to get rid of the spying is to a complete factory reset your phone, which
as many people know, is a complete pain in the ass.
H/T [Snoopwall]Group Of Protesters Start Screaming After Getting The 'Patriot Wedgie' By
Extremely Pissed Off Trump Supporter
This is the perfect way to start your morning.
Wake up and find out a skinny jean Antifa boy got owned in the most American way possible.
To top that off with a chaser of freedom, we have #Based Stickman right behind this
pleasant supporter of America for the most illustrious backup you could ask for.
Patriots of America were gathered for a Trump rally in Berkeley, California.
Minding their own business, showing support for Americans and President Trump.
Then the turds arrived.
They started fights.
Pepper sprayed people.
And that was it.
People have had enough and now they're fighting back and WINNING!!!
This is how you deal with the Antifa protesters.
THE PATRIOT WEDGIE!
Ultra impressive patriot wedgie photo taken from this Facebook Group.
What is Antifa?
A conglomerate of bitter beta males and fish face feminists who hate America, think everyone
else is racist, Fascist, (insert word here)-ist, and they disturb anything that involves free
speech.
Ironic, right?
They want the right to protest and say what they want, but no one else can?
When they protest other people's events, they always start fights, hurt women, and
pepper spray people.
Then they get beat up and pepper sprayed back.
It's like they show up and attack people because they enjoy getting beat up.
They're the kind of people who take liberal arts majors and can only get jobs sweeping
Starbucks bathrooms.
They're not even allowed to make the frapuccino.
I believe they're also the kind of people who choke themselves during self pleasure.
Once in a while you find one dead on a doorknob, pants off, hanging from a belt, because they
took it too far.
In other words, they hate Trump, hate America, and hate themselves.
When Trump crowds host rallies, they should be able to hold their rally in peace.
When anti-Trump crowds have their events, no one cares and barely anyone shows up to
disturb it.
You could have an anti-Trump rally everyday and I wouldn't care.
That's YOUR right to gather in peaceful protest.
Ivanka Just Rushed Out Of Her House With Serious Look, Here's Where She Headed Immediately
Cameras constantly surround everywhere the First Family goes, hoping for a slip-up to
catch any seedy tidbit that the liberal media can't wait to use against them.
First Daughter Ivanka Trump was the focus of this on Monday morning, when she was seen
leaving her home with a stern look on her face.
Now we know where she did immediately after walking out of her house on an apparent mission.
Ivanka is constantly in the liberals' crosshairs despite being a true advocate for women's
rights where it really counts.
They fear her for creating solutions to their complaints that are anything other than free
brith control and abortions.
She's also the poster woman for true female empowerment, by being a successful businesswoman,
mother, and now First Daughter.
So, the second they saw an opportunity to tear her down for looking serious as she left
her Washington, D.C. home, they took it — but it backfired spectacularly.
She was caught on her phone in a seemingly serious conversation as she climbed into the
backseat of a black SUV.
Hours later, she emerged from the meeting she was headed to with an announcement that
liberal women didn't want to hear.
One of Ivanka's number one priorities in politics is supporting American mothers and
children by "pushing initiatives for affordable child care and paid family leave," American
News reported.
"She has been busy courting corporate executives and lawmakers in the hopes of pushing these
initiatives forward," the report added.
She certainly has her father's support who announced that his administration is intent
on working with members on both sides of the political aisle to implement a plan that would
make childcare expenses a tax deduction.
Considering that the cost of childcare often offsets a parent's income, Ivanka's plan
is brilliant and provides real relief for a problem that affects millions of low-income
American families — especially single mothers.
This should be something that feminists should be celebrating, but then again, it's only
providing solutions for keeping children and that's goes against what these hateful women
believe is their "right."
-------------------------------------------
Where is my mind? (2K) - Duration: 3:51.
For more infomation >> Where is my mind? (2K) - Duration: 3:51. -------------------------------------------
FAQ How do you book an event space? Cathi - Duration: 1:33.
an event space is booked by following a
whole different and a whole bunch of
processes and steps but what you first
start with is who's the brand usually
when you have an event space its nine
times outta ten it's going to be for b2b
quiet so you're trying to find out what
market are you going to ok and then how
many people do you want to fit into this
event space so then you begin your
research you start with a database that
we have a lot of event spaces and venues
located in or we can also go out into
the internet and find out exactly where
we are what market we're going to the
end and then we start narrowing it down
based on the criteria of the program
again how many people what's the field
you want is it just a simple hotel venue
and you just need a ballroom or you need
catering or do you need I'm a really
cool space to draw attention to get
people to come to your event so there's
a whole list of questions that you asked
to narrow it down once you found that
perfect event space then you have the
conversations with a contact at the
event space then asking all the
questions to make sure it fits within
your budget your space requirement
everything you need for this event space
once that happens you're starting
associated and then here comes the
contract signed the contract and you're
ready to go to put on your event
-------------------------------------------
0017 - Duration: 8:02.
For more infomation >> 0017 - Duration: 8:02. -------------------------------------------
To till or Not to Till? That is the Question. - Duration: 36:43.
To till or not to till.
That's the tough question that I'm going to be addressing in this presentation.
It was the topic that I was asked to talk about
at the Ecological Farming Conference that was in California this past January
and also at this California Climate and Agriculture Summit
that was a UC Davis in February of this year.
It's important to keep in mind when I'm talking about this
that I actually have a lot of experience not in no- till systems
but in highly tilled systems. So in these two pictures here this is
more typical of what I work in.
This is a vegetable production system
and this system here's another one that I work in
which is strawberry production. And even in these we do a lot of tillage
so just keep that in mind as I go through his presentation that I actually have a lot more experience with highly
tilled systems than I do with no tilled systems.
I like this quote and I think it's an important one to kind of start a presentation like this because one of the reasons we're interested in reducing tillage
is because we want to make sure they were taking good care of our soil.
And I think it's important keep in mind that there really is just a thin layer on our planet that stands between us and starvation.
Now we also have to manage our water resources well.
This is a picture from California showing one of the reservoirs that was filled up with water this
past winter. So that's an important part of sustainability and preventing
major catastrophes in our agricultural systems. But also we need to keep in mind the
the climate. The thicker layer that surrounds our planet
which helps to allow us to farm productively. And we also need to acknowledge that us humans are having a
major effect on our climate. We're causing it to change and we need to carefully think about
that and figure ways so we can reduce our negative impacts on our climate.
I want to take you a little bit of a trip in his presentation, at least in the introduction. And what were going to do
is we're going to get onto this Hawaiian sailing canoe and sail over to Hawai'i.
This is actually a canoe which is on this voyage
and what the voyages is focused on is trying to set a course for a sustainable future.
This is something that I think is important for us to think about both in the water as well as on land.
And let's just assume that our canoe lands on this beach.
This is on the island of O'ahu.
It's a beach that I like quite a lot. It's over and the Kailua area. And you'll see these beautiful
scenes like this. But if you look carefully into the sand you'll see a lot of pieces of plastic
these are called micro plastics.
And they're clear evidence that us humans are having an effect on our environment.
And that's kind of an interesting analogy that I'd like to is draw on for this presentation.
What I'm going to do today is I'm going to show you little pieces of evidence to try to
get at this question of whether or not we should or should not be tilling in our agricultural systems.
So kind of keep that picture in your mind as we go through this.
Now an important thing that I often think of when I'm trying to understand a new area for
myself and I would consider
I wouldn't consider myself an expert and no-till at all. I would actually say that I'm pretty ignorant about it and so I went to the scientific
literature and here's a bunch of different titles that I read
and which I found helpful in understanding this. You might want to check these out as well.
One of the real interesting ones is this one is titled 'The soil carbon dilemma: shall we hoard it or use it?'
And it's kind of a neat idea because what the author Janzen
describes is thinking about soil carbon kind of like water in a dam. We can have that water be stored
or we can let that water out and it can actually generate some electricity, and some energy and do some work for us.
And the dilemma with soil carbon is that it's often most functional as it's being transformed
from solid carbon into...as it's decomposing really going back into CO2. And that's the dilemma we have is
should we hoard it or should we use it?
Well I think you may enjoy this paper where the author talks about that very eloquently.
Now before we talk about what may happen when we move from highly tilled systems like this in Salinas California into a
reduced tillage type system like this,
I think it's important to think about some of the benefits of tillage 'cause there are some benefits obviously.
It can reshape our landscape. These are two pictures one from Indonesia this is Bali Indonesia and this is Nepal.
And what you can notice in both of these is... people have put a lot of work into trying to transform these landscapes
to create these beautiful bench terraces which allowed them to reduce soil erosion and therefore farm those areas much more
sustainable than if it didn't have these structures.
So that's clearly a very intensive form of tillage and one which has allowed people to farm in
areas that they normally would not been able to farm.
Now another real important part of tillage is adding organic matter back to the soil and these three shots here show
some parts of that in Papua New Guinea where I grew up. So this man is making sweet potato mounds which will be filled with organic matter
like previous crop residue or weeds or different types of organic matter in the center of the mound.
And then as that material decomposes it will be releasing nutrients which are
helping subsequent crop like sweet potatoes to grow.
So incorporating organic matter into the soil allows that to decompose and then provide a lot of benefits for us.
Now another real obvious benefit of tillage is to reduce compaction
This picture down here shows a lettuce harvest in Salinas and you can see how we've got these big ruts left in the fields from the harvest operation.
And here's another example of this and a broccoli field. So after harvesting broccoli or lettuce we often have real rutted up fields
and we need to try to get rid of this compaction in these areas so that it doesn't create problems for our next crops.
Another reason that we would incorporate or use tillage in the systems would be.... say you have a crop failure.
For some reason this spinach crop wasn't harvested
It could be several reasons maybe it had disease in it that that wasn't... didn't make the crop marketable. And so they need to quickly
turn this field around and the easiest way to do that is to come in and till out this spinach so they
can get this field ready for the next crop of vegetables.
Now very obvious reason for tillage that I'm sure a lot of people think about is reducing weeds. What we don't to have is we don't want
a situation like this in romaine lettuce where we've got a lot of weeds. The weed here is burning nettle
and this is a real challenging weed to work with because it will actually sting you and your hands
or on any of your sensitive skin. And so we don't want situations like this and therefore we put a
lot of time and effort into tilling those systems with a
special cultivator like this and also using hoes to take out those weeds.
Those are forms of tillage that are very important in these vegetables systems.
Now there are many problems with tillage and these four pictures show some of those problems.
When we till the soil we can create a lot of dust and that
degrades the air quality. Also when we've got bare fields from tillage
we can have a lot of soil erosion, a lot of nutrient loss, and that's not very good. And that can lead to fields like this in Thailand where I
worked where you lost yields because so much of this topsoil had eroded off.
And of course when we till our agricultural soils
it takes a lot of energy and that actually can create problems
because we're actually letting a lot of CO2 backup into the air from the use of the fossil fuels, the excessive use of fossil fuels.
One of the publications that are listed on the reading list has is very nice figure that talks about some milestones in agriculture
and the development of different tillage tools and tillage practices over time. I think you might enjoy checking this out.
I've been interested in tillage tools for quite a long time and here's three that I've collected in
different parts of the world where I've either lived and traveled. The first one here this is a
hoe from Nepal. This would have been what they might have used to make some of those bench terraces. This over here is a
short handled hoe from Zambia. They also make longer handled versions of this. This is in Southern Africa.
And this center one this is a digging stick from Papua New Guinea where I grew up.
And this would have been used for harvesting sweet potatoes.
In general I think that when people were using these types of tillage tools where all the energy to make the tool work
came from food that they had eaten. It's unlikely that they were tilling excessively.
I generally think that when we started sitting on tractors and using fossil fuels
that's probably when the excessive tillage began. Just something to keep in mind as we think about tillage in different parts of the world
and whether or not we should or should not be tilling.
Let's look at a little bit of data here. So this is
a graph taken from a paper that describes changes in soil organic of carbon, on the Y axis
and how the changed over a period of intensive vegetable production. So you can see early on
before that field had been cultivated when it was just naturally
left on its own, the soil organic carbon levels were quite high and that over time they've dropped
especially during say the first 10 to 20 years... big drop there.
And they slowly start to kind of stabilize but
there's a big decline. And that just shows how intense vegetable production can be quite challenging or
have a real negative effect on soil organic carbon levels in these fields.
This is a very dramatic shot that shows that in a different way.
So this picture was taken from this publication here
and this pipe in the center, this white pipe was actually... the soil surface was up here
in about 1923 when this pipe was installed. The pipe goes right down to the bedrock and this soil in this farmed area
had been drained. So it was a very high organic matter soil and it had been drained and then put
into sugar cane cultivation. And you can see that about 1.5 m
several feet of topsoil had subsided here. So a lot of that subsidence has to do with the fact that
in this soil, carbon was being burned up through the drainage of the soil and then the
cultivation of the sugar cane that followed.
Okay so now that we've seen very clearly that intensive tillage as you can see in this graph here has a
major negative effect on soil carbon or soil organic matter,
I want to move on to talk and show you some data on how conventional tillage would compare with say no-till.
So to help to understand what I mean by no-till let me show you this nice graphic. This graphic I think provides a
very clear illustration of the differences between no-till agriculture
conservation tillage and then conventional tillage.
So the data that I'm going to show you is comparing
conventional tillage with no-till. So these are on opposite sides of this spectrum
with conservation tillage being somewhere in the middle. So in a conventional tillage system in this
case this would be an example with corn-soybean crop rotations
in the U.S. you can see there's many many different tillage passes, one with the moldboard plow then with a disc
then a field cultivator and then different harrows and things like that.
Whereas with a no-till system
the only real tillage that occurs, and there is a small amount of tillage that does occur,
and that's when you plant the seeds in just a small slot where the seed is drilled into the soil
that's the only
time that the soil is disturbed. Other than that you just apply an herbicide to kill the weeds, you
you plant the crop with a no-till seeder, you apply an herbicide
in this case this would be in a conventional situation to control weeds again
and then you come in and harvest.
So as you can imagine there's a lot more crop residue on the surface here in this no till system.
Now in a conservation tillage system there's generally about 30% or more surface residue
there still is tillage in it but it's far less than say in the conventionally tilled system.
So if you're interested in understanding these differences I suggest that you have a closer look
at this nice illustration because I think it really
it does a good job of, in a nutshell, showing the differences between these different systems.
Okay so what happens when you move from a convention tilled system like this
into a no-till or a reduced tillage system?
Well there's a lot of things that can change
Let's look a little bit at some more data.
So this shows long-term organic soil carbon level changes
as we go from say
taking an area into cultivation
and then going into some kind of an improved management practice.
So you can see this is the soil organic cabon level at the beginning
its natural level it would not have been changing very much
and then we start doing some kind of cultivation and right away just like I showed you on that previous slide it drops down.
This is because the input of carbon is less than the decomposition rate
so you're getting a quick loss of organic matter in these system.
And then eventually the levels of input of soil carbon and the decomposition rate kind of equal each other so that we get a steady state system.
And then we start some new practice, maybe its cover cropping
and we start to get an increase in soil organic carbon levels.
But notice it never really, kind of gets back up to this level here it stabilizes at some other level.
So keep in mind early on there is a quick decline or relatively quick decline and
before we get to another steady state it takes quite a bit of time
and the steady state that we reach generally does not usually go back to the original state when the system was not in agriculture.
Okay, now I'm going to show you several different graphs that provide some interesting data on what happens
in a conventionally tilled system versus a no-till system.
And all the graphs are going to look somewhat similar to this, so I need to explain a few things here.
So this paper that this comes from they conducted a meta-analysis which is where they've taken the results of many many
different studies and they've combined them to try to get a whole bunch of information that's very robust.
This is the average point right here in this error bar right here represents a 95% confidence interval.
So this means that we can essentially be 95% confident
that the real number falls within this range here.
So it's a good way to estimate where an effect is.
Also I should point out that this 'n' here this indicates the number of observations
that went in to make this mean or this average and it's 95% confidence interval.
Now in these graphs if the average like this falls on this side, then this would mean that conventional tillage is better
And if the average falls on this side than it would mean that no-till is better.
So this first one we're looking at the mean difference in soil organic carbon
in conventional versus no-tilled systems. And you can see that...
oh actually I should point out what the zero is. So the zero would indicate
no change, okay, so no change there. Let's look at what's happening in say the top of top say 5 centimeters of depth of the soil.
So at 5 cm it's very clear that there's an increase in the
mega grams of carbon per hectare. So we've got about 3 Mg of carbon per hectare more in the no-till system.
This makes sense because there's a lot of residue on the soil surface.
Now when you look say 25 centimeters down, the situations not that clear, well actually it's the opposite it is relatively clear here
in this data. So we can see further down actually the the conventionally tilled systems
have got more carbon stocks at that depth.
What I want you to just kind of take away from this graph is that the sampling depth at which you
measure the effects of a conventional tilled system or a no-till system has a huge effect on how you would interpret
the data. When were looking near the soil surface no-till looks better.
But when we go a little bit deeper, conventional till looks better.
And actually when we go really deep say 45 to 55 cm
it doesn't look like there's much of a difference.
So I hope this is helping to you to understand the complexity of this issue of soil carbon sequestration.
So I hope this is helping to you to understand the complexity of this issue of soil carbon sequestration.
If were interested in sequestering carbon in the soil we have to really look carefully at different depths within the soil
and this paper really helped me to understand that complexity.
In that reading this I also listed this paper which is another one that kind of opened up my eyes to a new
way of thinking about stabilizing soil organic carbon in the soil
So let me try to walk you through this a little bit and hopefully I'll be able to explain this kind of new way of thinking about
soil carbon sequestration.
So let's start with this middle section here
as you I'm sure are aware there's many different qualities of soil or of plant litter that one can add to the soil.
You can add say leaves of legumes, things that are very easily decomposed. And then you can also add, on the other end of the spectrum
things like wood chips or more lignified material
And my initial way of thinking about carbon additions to the soil was that this type of material that decomposed slowly
would tend to increase soil organic matter more than
this material that would decompose more quickly.
However, this paper talks about... sort of a different way of thinking about this.
When plant litter that decomposes easily which we call 'labile' organic matter
When that decomposition process is occurring
there's a lot of decomposition products that are being produced
and those decomposition products are actually what's leading then down to more stable forms of soil organic matter in certain situations.
And this is compared to say the more lignified or the more woody materials
those don't have as many decomposition products and therefore their ability to
build up stable forms of soil organic matter
is not as great as say this material here.
The other thing that's intriguing is that these more labile or easily decomposed forms of organic matter or plant litter also tend to cause
less carbon fluxes or releases compared with these materials.
So as you think about soil carbon sequestration
I want you to try to keep this model in mind, or this framework
and I encourage you to go and check out this paper. I found it very intriguing.
I want to now move on and talk a little bit about how
no-till versus conventional till systems affect yield.
Okay let's look at another one of these graphs from another meta-analysis.
So we're looking at the effects of conventional till versus no-till on yield.
And this is taken from a large number of studies .... so 678 studies and about 6000 observations.
within those studies were what's used to make up this first data point.
So overall, over a whole bunch of different crops
generally, you can see this this dot here indicates the average,
generally what the data is showing is that
averaged across many different crops
conventional tilled systems
have about say 5 percent greater yield then no tilled systems.
Now if you look down say for oilseed or cotton type systems
the difference doesn't seem to be very much.
Maybe a slight indication that no-till might be a little bit better but this average this middle point is pretty much right on zero.
With legumes there's pretty much a clear difference or indication that
conventional tilled systems are better than no-tilled systems.
With root crops it's very dramatic say about 20% yield loss or greater yield
in a conventional tilled system versus a no tilled system.
So this really does show that the type of crop that you're talking about responds differently to no-till or tilled systems.
Here's another graph. Now we're going to look at the duration of the effect on yield.
So we've got here some studies that went for 1 to 2 years,
3 to 4 years, 5 to 10 years and then more than 10 years.
Again this is the the number of studies and then the number of studies...
I'm sorry this is the number of studies here, and this is the number of observations.
So studies that happened for say 1 to 2 years only, conventional did better
but over time if a study goes on for a longer period of time
the differences between tilled and no-tilled systems start to become less obvious.
So this data, the fact that the average is relatively close to zero would suggest that over time
averaged over many different crops
no-till and conventionally tilled systems may not have very big differences in their in their yield.
Okay let's look at one more graph from this meta-analysis and how no-till affects yield.
So what were going to look at here is the effect of climate.
In this graph what they've got is they're showing
tropical latitudes in the world, subtropical ones and then temperate latitudes.
And it should be quite clear right away that in tropical latitudes
conventional tillage generally yields quite a bit better than no-till does.
Whereas in temperate latitudes the differences between
conventional till and no-till are closer to zero. They still are generally favoring conventional till
but not near as much as is occurring in tropical latitudes.
So this just shows very clearly that where the tillage practices are done can have a huge effect on how the yields respond.
So just to kind of summarize a little bit, I've talked about two different meta-analyses
this first one where looked at whether or not no-till can stimulate carbon sequestration.
So generally what it showed me was it's a lot more complicated than just saying 'yes no-till is sequestering carbon.'
It really depends on the depth, and we probably ought to be sampling our soils much more deeply
like down to a meter so to see if the overall difference between tilled systems and no-till systems
really is that big of a difference.
Now the other meta-analysis that I talked about was this one where we looked at the effect of yield. We looked it overall a bunch of different
crops and then the effect of duration of the tillage practices and then also climate.
And I also encourage you to go and look at that paper in more detail.
Hopefully what this has shown you is that this question 'To till or not to till?' is a little more complicated
once you really get into the scientific literature and start looking at the data.
Now what I really want to focus on for the rest of this presentation is
some experiences that I've had with trying to reduce tillage in vegetables systems.
It's something that I think is really worthwhile trying to do but it's also pretty challenging.
So I'm going to talk about some of our experience with a roller-crimper and then with a mowed type system.
I want to explain the roller-crimper type system that we've been trying out at the USDA.
On the front 3 point hitch we've got a standard roller-crimper.
We've got that mounted on the front, we can raise and lower this as we need to
and that does a really good job of
crimping cover crops as we drive across the beds, and it crimps the cover crop that falls in the same direction as we're traveling.
Now one challenge that we have had sometimes is that
sometimes the cover crop falls parallel to these crimper blades and therefore
that material is not crimped very well by the front crimper.
So what we've done is we've taken a
tow attachment that can be used for say a grain drill
and we mounted a toolbar on the back of that
and so right now the tow attachment wheels are lifted off the ground and all the pressure is on these
this toolbar, and toolbar's got a series of
coulters, flutted coulters that are attached to that which have dulled blades. So the blades of these coulters have been dulled
and we're just towing this. And this allows us to crimp any material that falls perpendicular to the direction of the tractor's travel.
So between the front crimper
and then this rear tow type crimping system we're able to pretty much crimp material that falls in any direction.
So the idea in the system was that we would grow cover crops on beds like you can see here
and then we'd come in with our roller crimper
and we would crimp that down and then ideally we'd get this beautiful layer of mulch
right over the soil surface which would be suppressing weeds
and doing a bunch of other good things. And then we would be able to transplant say a romaine lettuce crop
into that and have a beautiful system.
So let me describe that in a little bit more detail.
In our systems these beds from center of this furrow to the center of this one would be about 80 inches wide.
And because our crimper works very well on the bed top we actually had to plant
something a little bit different in the furrow. We planted mustard.
And the mustard variety that we use has hollow stems and when we drive our tractors
in these furrows to crimp the bed top, the wheels are very effective at crimping the furrow mustard.
So here's a picture that shows our cover crop with the mustard in the furrows.
This is in January, the cover crop would have been planted in the previous year in the fall.
And you can see the rye has grown up quite nicely and the the mustard is here in the furrows.
Now let me show you what happens when we get in there and we crimp it.
So here's the tractor.
We don't have the rear crimper on there right now but we do use that.
So we've got the front crimper that's pushing down the cover crops on the beds
and then the wheels are crimping in the furrows and crimping off the mustard plants.
So this looked pretty good when we crimped it down.
But this is where we started to get concerned. About 54 days after we crimped this cover crop
we had all this green in the field and that green is essentially regrowth of a cover crop.
So the mustard in the furrows died very nicely
but the rye on the bed top
didn't die very well. Even though it was flowering when we crimped it we still had lots and lots of regrowth of our rye cover crop.
This really kind of got us concerned during the first year of the trial.
Now when we went to the second year
we tried this again and we actually had even worse results.
This time we got not just regrowth of cover crop but a massive amount of weed growth on these bed tops.
So these two experiences, that is the regrowth of the cover crop on the bed top and then massive amounts of weed growth coming up
through the cover crop mulch
really made us realize that the roller crimper
may not be the best tool for us to try to do a reduced tillage system in our vegetable systems.
So what we're trying now is a different system where we're
focusing on killing or controlling a cover crop's growth using a mower and then trying to kill it with another tool.
Let me kind of describe that.
So I've been working with my good friend Jim Leap on this. Jim is very good at understanding how different tillage tools work
and great at trying to innovate different methods.
And what we've been doing is we've been planting the rye on the bed top, these are again those 80 inch wide beds
and this case we're actually cultivating the furrows of the cover crop
and once the rye gets up, you know a certain height
we then start mowing it repeatedly.
And this kind of keeps the biomass under control so that it never kind of gets out of hand.
So here we're mowing the rye cover crop.
And then the idea is after we've mowed it several times as it's been growing
we then come in with this tool which is.. it's got rippers here in the furrow
there's actually a residue manager to clean out some of the furrow area
and there's a large flat coulter which cuts through some of that residue and then there's a large ripper shank which
rips into the furrow bottom and that allows us to take this next tool which is an undercutter and undercut this entire bed so we're basically
cutting off the root systems of this rye cover crop on the bed using his undercutter.
The shanks of these under cutters extend down and then somewhere down into the soil here
about say 3 to 4 to 6 inches or so deep we've got our blade of the undercutter which extends underneath here
and basically cuts off the root systems of the rye.
I'm going to show you a little video clip of this working.
Okay so you can see the undercover is moving along very nicely and is undercutting
that residue or those rye cover crops on the surface
and leaving the rye right in place but undercutting it. So hopefully it we'll kill it.
Now in this situation this is rye planted on 40 inch beds, we had two lines on a 40 inch bed
but the same basic idea could also work potentially with rye planted on an 80 inch bed.
I'd like to conclude by answering the question to till or not to till in high value vegetable systems.
and I'd like to do that by bringing in a few more images. So at the beginning of the presentation
I talked about this need for us to set a course for sustainable future
We looked at some evidence from the scientific literature
and hopefully that's inspired you to go and look at some of that evidence for yourself.
I find this image to be one that I think is helpful to answer the question of whether or not we should or should not be tilling.
So this is a sailboat, I love sailing, and
if we turn the sailboat around what you'll see in the back of the sailboat is this
part of the sailboat right here which I'm holding in my right hand. This part of the boat is called the tiller.
And the tiller is one the most important parts of the sailboat because it controls the rudder.
And when I'm sailing a sailboat if I don't have access to the tiller, the boats completely out of control.
You have to very carefully use that tiller and by doing that you can set a course and get to where you want to efficiently.
Without a tiller the sailboat is pretty worthless.
I tend to think that in high value vegetable systems
we need to still need to be using tillage. I don't think we should be abandoning tillage.
But I think we do need to be careful with how we use it.
Make sure that we're using it in a thoughtful way.
And also move towards reducing tillage where possible.
I do however think that there's some real low hanging fruit in our vegetable systems
that we should focus more on then just completely eliminating tillage.
And probably the most obvious low hanging fruit that I can think of is
the need for us to increase cover cropping.
And that's true in both conventional as well as organic vegetable systems.
So this picture shows two different ways that we can add carbon
into these high-value, high-input vegetable systems.
One way to do it would be by bringing in carbon from an outside source such as using yard waste compost
that's a very convenient way to add carbon to our systems.
But the other way which is one that I think we actually should be focusing much more on
is on-farm carbon production.
The reason that I think we need to do that is that these on-farm sources of carbon
provide so many more benefits to maintain a healthy soil and these vegetables systems.
When we grow cover crops there's a whole bunch of other benefits and that's kind of
well described in this paper that was published in 2010.
And in that paper the authors talk about carbon friendly farming practices.
So when you grow a winter cover crop you are adding large amounts of carbon to the soil
but in addition to that you're also reducing nitrate leaching
You're increasing the infiltration of winter rainfall
and that will hopefully increase our groundwater recharge
and were also providing habitat for beneficial insects
so because of all these co-benefits from cover cropping
I think that cover cropping is such an obvious low hanging fruit, it's one that we really need
to focus more on in our agricultural systems.
And try to help farmers come up with ways that they can incorporate these as often as possible.
I think that will do a lot to improve the sustainability of these systems even if they have a fair bit of tillage in them.
Now if you have any questions or comments to free to send me e-mail.
You also may enjoy checking out some of my publications that are all available for free on this web site.
take care
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Exploring Sandy Neck - Duration: 3:36.
Sandy Neck is a special place where about 85% of it is still wilderness.
It's so close to civilization, it's hard to believe.
Welcome aboard the "Horseshoe Crab" and welcome to Barnstable harbor and Sandy Neck.
If we talk about Cape Cod and the islands, most people are aware that the Cape and the
Islands were formed by a glacier.
It's important to realize that Sandy Neck, itself, was not formed by a glacier.
What happened is that northeast wind blew against the cliffs, glacial sand up in Plymouth
, and moved the sand slowly down the coast into this area.
And that's what basically formed Sandy Neck.
As we get closer and closer to what is considered the Great Marsh, is called the Great Marsh,
even though most people, the Colonists, the settlers, when the Pilgrims arrived in 1620,
unfortunately for about 100 years, they could think of nothing else but filling in the marshes.
Now, in the last 20-25 years, we realize that 70% of the seafood we eat, we go to the fish
market for, actually spends most of it's life or all of its life in the marsh, itself.
They begin to appreciate how important the marsh really is.
What is in front of the cottage is an osprey nest pole.
The osprey have their 2 young on it.
They come back every year.
They're migratory.
And with those 2 young, they're very protective.
The male is usually in charge of security and the female in charge of the nest.
This is called Cottage Colony.
Some people call it the Village at Sandy Neck Point.
All of these cottages you see are privately owned.
They were gunning shacks or fishing shacks.
Some were floated over by barge.
As you can see as we approach lighthouse, you can see metal straps holding the bricks
all around it.
They were put on in 1880.
The keeper's house was built in 1880 but the first lighthouse was built in 1826.
This is the end of Sandy Neck and you can see all the boaters,
all the people on the beaches.
This is underwater at high tide.
Obviously, it gets deeper, it looks like there standing on the bottom here,
but it drops pretty quickly.
Are they walking or are they floating?
Aah, they're floating.
Okay, that would make more sense to me.
It's just hard to imagine what it was like in the 1800's around here
with all the boating activity.
I mean we're talking Clipper Ships and Schooners back and forth
making this one of the busiest harbors around.
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Librarian Edna Sussman is an expert in preserving our veterans' stories - Duration: 2:24.
Our county, Suffolk County, New York, has
the largest number of veterans of any
county in New York State. In fact it's
one of the largest populations of
veterans in the United States. Since the
project started, we've interviewed 63
veterans, by the end of this month, March,
and more to come. They have been the most
wonderful, humble, moving stories and
people I have ever met. It's really been
life changing for me. There's one
veteran among all of them that I will
remember forever. And his name was Lester
Schlumpf. Lester was interviewed by me in
March, 2015. He was 99 years old at the
time, and he said, "I'm going to be a
hundred in December. If I live that long."
And he chuckled, and he laughed, and we had a good
time together. Lester did attend our
reception in May of 2015, and he got a
copy of his DVD to share with his family.
When Lester arrived at the reception, he
came in his full dress uniform. Lester
was a veteran from World War II, Army
and Navy. He came in his full white dress
uniform to the reception, and as he
walked up the sidewalk in the middle of
the pipe and drum corps that were
playing military songs, he saluted them.
It was very, very moving. Well, Lester
passed away shortly after his 100th
birthday. Lester is no longer with us, but
his story and his military history will
be with us forever. My name is Edna
Sussman. I'm a reference librarian and
project director of the Veterans
Testimonial Project at the Half Hollow
Hills Community Library in Dix Hills, New
York. Libraries transform. I'm an expert
in preserving our veterans' stories. Thank
you very much.
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Vad är metafysik | What is metaphysics? - Duration: 5:32.
What is Metaphysics?
Metaphysics deals with the true nature of reality, what used to be called the study of the "first cause."
However, I prefer to call it "timeless cause" as "first cause" makes it sound as if there was a beginning.
The cause of things do not necessarily explain what the things in question are if this cause only lies in the past.
"Timeless cause" or "timeless configuration" are terms that are not fixed in time.
What metaphysics is trying to reach is the highest law of nature.
The term "metaphysics" originally comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle, but what metaphysics deals with is considerably older than that.
Religions also spoke of a "first" or timeless cause as the definition of a Creator or divinity.
This is why Aristotle called metaphysics "the first philosophy."
Metaphysics deals with the nature of ultimate reality.
Today, most people know of only "soft" metaphysics, because there was a change of meaning of the term and the word metaphysics began to account for anything immaterial.
So metaphysics came to deal more and more with speculations divorced from reality.
But there once existed hard metaphysics, metaphysics which had a basis in physical observations.
It is that kind of metaphysics, the principles of ultimate reality, that I am trying to bring back to life.
And I guess that makes me a metaphysician.
Metaphysics typically concern three questions, usually formulated something like this:
1. What are the most general features and contents of the world, and what do these look like?
2. Why does a world exist, and why is there a world with those particular features and contents that are mentioned above?
And (3.) What is our place in the world? How do human beings fit into it?
But I formulate the first two a little different, how I think they were originally meant in ancient times:
1. What remains the same (is timeless) in a world of eternal process?
2. Why does this something remain permanent?
And (3.) Why do we exist?
And my answer to these questions are:
What remains the same in a world of perpetual process is:
1. A-Ω-X-Ω: connection, contrast, cycles, and analogy.
That this remains permanent is because:
2. Nothing can exist without its opposite, and opposites give rise to movement.
At least three things must exist for something to exist and produce more phenomena.
And finally, we exist because:
3. Conscious beings allow something to be the result, as well as witnessing the result, of the above.
The answer to this question is a bit more complex, but it revolves around reciprocal maintenance.
See my video "What is the ultimate purpose?" for a more detailed analysis.
But to study the fundamental cause [of movement and the world process] is not always enough.
It is also important to engage in ontology, that is, what function or purpose individual things have.
Metaphysics can explain what regulates the essence of things, but not every being or individual thing's purpose.
I just found out, however, that ontology is a term that emerged first at the beginning of the Renaissance, and replaced metaphysics.
So it is likely that metaphysics originally also involved issues of meaning and purpose.
So "ultimate reality" versus "illusion" is a matter of PERMANENCE - timelessness - versus BECOMING - change.
Something that is in constant change is not something that can be said to exist in a tangible way.
The term "spirituality" used to stand for permanent, timeless and essential things, whereas "matter" is a name for the visible world that, however, can never remain permanently in its state.
Ideas/Forms - spirit - are more permanent than the visible world.
Why is metaphysics important?
Well, there must be something that regulates existence, so that the world exist in and remains in the process and motion we see where things assume transient forms and phenomena.
This something that generates all existence is what is called the "ultimate reality," the "first - or permanent - cause," "Divinity," "the highest natural law," and so on.
And by knowing this reality, cause, "divinity," natural law, we can adapt to it and flow with it to our advantage,
rather than come into conflict with it and struggle in an impossible direction.
Without metaphysics it is impossible to achieve objective, timeless values, ethics, and solutions to our personal, social, and cultural problems.
When metaphysics is properly understood, it becomes a transformative tool for mind, body and soul.
When metaphysics hits the target, it produces sane epistemological guidance that improves people's attitude and life enjoyment.
Thus true metaphysics has a practical application, not an impractical with speculations divorced from reality.
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0018 - Duration: 10:45.
For more infomation >> 0018 - Duration: 10:45. -------------------------------------------
Rent to Own Home Saltillo TN - Duration: 2:01.
Diamond in the rough home. Rent to own possible. Saltillo TN.
Home facts: 2BR/1BA main house. 1BR/1BA studio with separate entrance. 1,252 sqft. 1.5 Acre (double lot). 1 Car garage / 2 car carport. Barn on included separate lot.
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Mysterious Triangle "UFO" Monitored Nuclear Facility, Newly Released Documents Show - Duration: 7:31.
Mysterious Triangle �UFO� Monitored Nuclear Facility, Newly Released Documents Show
For a number of years, reports of unusual, silent moving, triangular-shaped aircraft
have presented a recurring motif in UFO lore.
Reports of such aircraft have helped foment a number of responses from the public, which
range from notions of �alien visitation�, to the more down-to-Earth (and frankly, the
more likely) idea that secret military aircraft operate in our skies, representative of �black
projects� that fall well beyond public knowledge.
Perhaps, it could be argued, such technologies fall well beyond the knowledge of not just
the public, but of a wide variety of military agencies beyond those specialized fields in
which development of said craft may occur.
A recent report seems to detail this sort of �cloak and dagger� aviation, as released
to John Greenwald of The Black Vault.
The query was received from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) via Freedom of
Information Act Request.
The (NRC) �was created as an independent agency by Congress in 1974 to ensure the safe
use of radioactive materials for beneficial civilian purposes while protecting people
and the environment.� The agency oversees and monitors commercial nuclear facilities,
as well as the use of distributed materials which are nuclear in origin, which require
inspection and regulation.
According to the documents obtained by Greenwald, between 1986 and 1989, a triangular unidentified
flying object (UFO) reportedly violated a protected area on the property of Cooper Nuclear
Station, near the Missouri River.
The incident, according to the report, was not reported to the NRC as required.
The summary of the report makes for fascinating reading, as it describes multiple witnesses
to a pair of sightings made over the course of two consecutive nights, and my multiple
members of the security staff.
A portion of the summary reads as follows: While posted at the intake structure one night,
he observed an �unidentified flying object� fly down the Missouri River about 150 feet
in the air and hover in front of the intake.
He observed it for a few moments and then contacted a fellow security officer who also
observed it (he could not recall the individual�s name exactly but his first name was [REDACTED]
and his last name was either [REDACTED ]. After they together observed the UFO, it turned
and went back up the river and did not come back that shift.
He and the other officer shared their observation with their peers who did not believe them.
The next evening he again was posted at the intake and observed the UFO return again.
This time he didn�t call anyone until the UFO had traversed into the protected area
and hovered above the protected area just north of the Reactor Building.
He said it was roughly triangular in shape with a circle of rotating lights on the bottom.
He could not hear any propulsion noise from the UFO.
He believes that it was roughly 1/3 the size of the Reactor Building.
Once the UFO hovered in the protected area.
He called the security break room and most of the officers on shift observed the UFO.
The report notes that the observers, whose names were redacted from the document, were
all security officers at the facility, all of whom were still employed at the facility
in June of 2010 when the report was filed.
�After hovering there for a few minutes,� the statement concludes, �the UFO exited
the protected area and returned back up the river to the north as it had the previous
night.
The [observer] said that he never saw the UFO at the plant again after that evening.�
�The [observer] believes that this incident should have been reported as a violation of
the protected area space but was not reported.� The entire report can be read online here.
The nature and origin of such unusual aircraft as these remain mysterious, though they have
been consistently reported over the years.
In February, KLAS Las Vegas reporter George Knapp, renowned for his interest in unidentified
aerial phenomena, reported on massive, triangular-shaped aircraft which have repeatedly been seen over
Nevada for a number of years, leading to some speculation about a �super-size stealth
fighter� or other similar massive aircraft.
Knapp noted that: Prominent aviation writers say they�ve heard
rumors about a so-called super size stealth fighter, but the program has not been confirmed.
Such a plane would be valuable because it could carry more bombs than the stealth we
know today.
Clark figures the military wanted to show it off �by flying it across the Valley in
broad daylight.
They can�t have a press conference since they don�t exist�
In the early 1990s, the Federation of American Scientists conducted their own study into
claims of unusual aircraft such as this, which had simply been titled �Mystery Aircraft.�
According to the Federation�s Government Secrecy Project Director Steven Aftergood,
�The study argues that secrecy in military aerospace has exceeded all reasonable justifications.
Such secrecy cannot, in any case, be effectively maintained beyond the early research and development
phase, and has little point in the absence of a high-tech adversary.�
�Secrecy in aerospace functions above all as a mechanism for enhancing the political
fortunes of questionable programs,� Aftergood wrote.
�In short, it appears that many black aircraft programs are designed only to penetrate Congressional
airspace.� This is an interesting note to end on, since
the idea that a number of secret aviation technologies might operate with little purpose
other than for surveillance and monitoring here at home, rather than for use in operations
abroad.
Naturally, it does seem to constitute a concern with relation to efforts against unnecessary
government secrecy.
As for why they appear from time to time?
Much like the observers in the Cooper Nuclear Station incident, their testimony was not
believed at the time the observation occurred; hence, there is little need for hiding away
something that is so seldom seen, and so strange in appearance that it is hardly to be believed
anyway.
As the old saying goes, often the best place
to hide something is in plain sight.
-------------------------------------------
Abortion is Today's Child Sacrifice - Duration: 3:49.
You know, they say, there's nothing new under the sun.
And that's true. Take abortion for instance.
Some people claim society progressed when women got the right to abortion.
They claim the human race advanced.
The problem is, people have been killing their children for thousands of years.
Today, we just call it by a different name
and dress it up with modern euphemisms to make it sound all sophisticated.
You see, when we read the history books about these old backward cultures,
when pagans used to sacrifice their children to gods,
We're aghast. We're horrified.
We ask, how could anyone do such a thing?
And thank God we don't live in those ancient times any more.
It was common, you see, to let your children burn in the fire
as a sacrifice to gods like Molech.
For any number of reasons - to appease the gods, to make sure your crops grew,
to ensure a good harvest, to win a war, and so on.
We condemn our ancestors for doing something so barbaric
But if we stop for just one second,
we'll see that we are doing the exact same thing with abortion.
We just don't want to admit it.
Sure, our technology has advanced far beyond anything our ancestors could have imagined
our tools, our means, our facilities.
But that's only given us more sophisticated ways
to go about doing the same thing and making our sacrifice.
Instead of waiting till they're born, we nip their lives
before they're even out of the womb.
Instead of letting them burn in the fire, we use sharp steel instruments
to rip the child's limbs out one by one.
Or, a saline solution to burn her skin and poison her to death.
And unfortunately, because we are so advanced
we can't deny we don't know what we're doing.
We can't deny that it's a child in there.
We even have 4d ultrasounds that show us
the faces, hands, and bodies of what these babies look like.
Yes, they had gods they bowed down to.
But you know what? We do too.
What are our gods today?
Convenience, career, my needs, my wants
independence, self-fulfillment, free sex…
Heck, we have more gods and idols than they did.
And where are our altars?
Hmm let's think… Planned Parenthood?
They'll do the job the priests used to do
take care of the "logistics" of our sacrifice.
Some feminists even claim abortion is a rite of passage, a sacrament.
Like an initiation into their "pro-choice" cult.
And yes, they say, it even comes with benefits.
Because by sacrificing our children, we get to live a responsible-free life
we get to live the feminist dream, we get to shout our abortion
and be proud that we put something else first, ahead of our own child's life.
I'm not trying to be facetious, but it is very tragic when we celebrate
the killing of our own children and call that a "right."
That's not progress.
If we consider ourselves so progressive, so sophisticated
then we have no excuse but to admit the truth about abortion
It is today's child sacrifice.
And that's not progress.
That's taking a play from the playbook of thousands year old pagans.
What's truly progressive is giving all human life dignity
and the same right to life that you and I got.
That would be moving the human race forward.
That would be true progress.
That would be giving our children a brighter tomorrow.
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