- Facebook is everywhere, whether we like it or not.
It's how we invite our friends to parties,
how we talk to relatives, what we do on our phones,
while we're waiting for the microwave to finish.
But even though we use it all the time,
it's kinda terrible.
It makes you feel bad.
And you feel even worse when you realize
how much data you're giving off for targeted ads,
and political campaigns.
- We didn't take a broad enough view of our responsibility,
and that was a big mistake.
And it was my mistake, and I'm sorry.
- Facebook's done so much creepy stuff,
that it's hard to trust them now.
And even if you delete your account,
it's hard to get away from the company entirely.
It's complicated.
And if you want to know why that is,
you gotta look at the big picture.
(rhythmic tonal music)
In theory, there's a way to deal with companies
that do things we don't like.
Companies have competitors, and if one of those competitors
is doing something better, then either the first company
changes, or it gets replaced.
That's the market.
But, Facebook doesn't seem worried about that,
and you can see why.
Facebook has no real competition.
If you don't like Uber, you can take a Lyft.
But, if you don't like Facebook,
you kinda have to quit social media entirely.
Facebook is the one place you can count on finding
nearly all the people you know.
The other networks just aren't as big.
About 180 million people use Snapchat each month,
and that number's actually going down.
Twitter's bigger, with 330 million users,
but in 2018, Facebook cleared 2.3 billion users,
and it made 13 billion dollars in revenue off them,
at a time when its competitors are right on the edge
of profitability.
The only networks that come close are Instagram
and WhatsApp, both of which are owned by Facebook.
That doesn't mean Twitter and the other runners up
are doomed, but it's hard to see any of them
getting to be size of Facebook.
Once you have a social network that big,
you don't really need another one.
The term for this is a natural monopoly.
And that's when entering a business is so hard,
that a single winner ends up dominating the industry.
The classic example is the cable business.
It's really expensive to lay cable to a building,
but it's pretty cheap to operate, once the cable's in place.
If you've already run cable to all the houses in a city,
it's gonna be hard for anyone else to compete on price.
They'd have to run a whole new set of cables,
there's just no way to justify that expense.
And since the cost of laying cable encourages
a single big provider, you can't expect competition
to solve problems, like high prices
or bad business practices.
It's hard to be sure if social networks
are a natural monopoly.
They've only been around for 10 years,
and they're still changing a lot.
Unlike cable, it's not actually that expensive
to start a social network, it's just hard
to get everyone on board.
The barrier to entry is more about users than money.
But, after seeing a dozen different competitors
try and fail to rival Facebook's size,
there's a growing consensus that market competition
just isn't gonna keep the company in check.
- The problem is Facebook.
That's the problem.
And that Facebook has broken so much trust
to allow you to simply gobble up every form of competition
is probably not in the public interest.
The simplest form of regulation would be
to break Facebook up, or treat it as a utility.
We've dealt with natural monopolies before.
When Bell Telephone started rolling out the first
consumer phone service in the 1880s,
people were faced with the same problem.
Once there's a network of phone lines in place,
there's no real reason to start a second one.
Bell drove a particularly hard bargain
around the expensive long distance phone lines.
If you didn't buy their local service,
you couldn't use the long distance service, either.
It was the kiss of death to competitors.
And so aggressive that the government decided to step in.
The Department of Justice actually sued the Bell System
as a monopoly, and won a string of settlements
and consent decrees.
The first one was in 1913, and the regulations
just got tighter from there.
In 1934, 1956,
1974, and 1982, until the company was finally broken up
into a bunch of regional companies in the 1980s.
Then those companies were consolidated
into the heavily regulated telecoms we know today.
Not everything that regulators did worked,
but for the last hundred years, for better or worse,
the federal government has been the main force
keeping phone companies honest.
It's hard to say what that kind of antitrust case
would look like for social networks.
For the last 40 years, the standard test for monopolies
is that they raise prices.
But Facebook is free, like everything else on the Internet.
The damage isn't in higher prices, but market power.
Whether that's driving up the cost
of reaching your followers, or shaping
the entire marketplace to suit its needs.
The sheer size of Facebook means it can muscle in
to other areas, like messaging or photo sharing,
or buy out competitors like WhatsApp and Instagram.
As long as it's impossible to compete,
Facebook can keep expanding and expanding
until it takes up the entire Internet.
And, unless we find some way to keep the social network
in check, that's exactly what it's gonna do.
- [Enquirer] If I buy a Ford, and it doesn't work well,
and I don't like it, I can buy a Chevy.
If I'm upset with Facebook, what's the equivalent product
that I can go sign up for?
- Well, there's the second category
that I was gonna talk about or--
- [Enquirer] I'm not talking about categories,
I'm talking about, is there real competition you face?
You don't think you have a monopoly?
- It certainly doesn't feel like that to me.
- [Enquirer] Okay.
(group laughs)
- So if you liked that video, please like us on Facebook,
it's a huge social network, it's really important.
You can also get us on YouTube, at youtube.com/theverge.
You gotta look at the big picture,
that's actually not very big, is it.
You gotta look at the medium-sized picture.
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