Thứ Hai, 31 tháng 12, 2018

Waching daily Dec 31 2018

If you've ever studied film or advertising, you'll know that colors are not just randomly

chosen.

There's a good reason why many personal care products come in white packaging, and

that's because white symbolizes purity and cleanliness.

If we want to denote that something is natural, we might use the colors green or brown.

Things that are mysterious or wicked might be painted black, while sensuality will almost

always come in red.

If we are trying to make a scene look happy, we'll use bright colors such as yellow or

orange, and if we want something to exude femininity, we might think about using the

color pink.

While different cultures give different meanings to some colors, the meanings also cross cultures

at times.

Today we'll look at mostly one color, in this episode of the Infographics Show, Why

Is Blue A Boys Color.

When we talk about blue and its symbolism, we must first think about what hue of blue

are we talking about, because there are many.

Crayola, the company we all know that makes crayons, has 19 different blues.

But we'll keep this simple and talk about two of the blues you all know well.

Those are dark blue and light blue, or sky blue.

Dark blue can signify seriousness, or even sadness (feeling blue), but also intelligence,

integrity and power.

That's why you might find politicians donning a blue suit, rather than say, a yellow and

pink outfit.

Light blue is a different animal, it symbolizes purity, tranquility, harmony, security.

But what has any of this to do with boys?

Prior to the 19th century we didn't have a blue for boys and pink for girls binary

rule.

In fact, most kids just wore white or beige or even rags if you came from the wrong side

of the tracks.

Historians tell us it was in the mid-19th century that pastel colors became popular,

but according to the book, "Pink and Blue: Telling the Girls From the Boys in America,"

at that time there wasn't yet a pink and blue rule.

It's confusing, though.

Listen to what one writer said in the "Ladies' Home Journal," in 1918, "The generally

accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls.

The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the

boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl."

Hmm, ok, so what happened?

Well, that little snippet didn't mean everyone followed that rule.

In fact, one historian tells us that until the 1950s there was a kind of chaos when it

came to colors.

You can actually have a look online at something Time magazine published in 1927.

It is a chart of sex-appropriate colors.

The chart is based on a survey of American clothes stores and what those stores thought

was the right color for boys and girls.

More stores said pink was the most appropriate color for boys, but not all.

According to the writer of that book we mentioned, after World War 2 the pink for girls and blue

for boys' thing started to become popular, but he also says it didn't really stick

until the 1980s.

"This happened during a time when mass marketing was appearing," said one sociologist about

this phenomenon.

"Being 'gender normal' is very important to us, and as a marketing technique, if retailers

can convince you that being gender normal means you need to buy a certain product — cosmetics,

plastic surgery, blue or pink clothing, etc. — it just makes sense from a production

or mass marketing perspective," he told Live Science.

According to another writer, after the war people were more than ready for some normalcy

in their lives after the utter chaos of global conflict.

When labels such as Christian Dior were telling women to don pink they did so, and they didn't

mind doing it.

People wanted some stability in their lives, according to that writer at least, and so

color gender norms were met with no amount of contempt…rebellion would come in the

60s, but for a while women mostly embraced pink and men hugged blue.

But why did girls get pink?

Well, not everyone says pink is innately feminine, it just became feminine.

You see, the French, who were often thought to be the leaders of fashion, used pink as

a girls' color.

Other countries and cultures didn't, but hey, the French were the avant-garde when

it came to clothes and so some people believe we just followed them.

Another sociologist from Italy looked deeper into this blue and pink thing.

He used technology to scan books on Google that were published in the USA from 1880 to

1980, and you know what, he could find lots of instances where someone wrote that blue

was for boys, but he found no instances of pink being called a boy's color.

"Pink seems to have been a feminine color at least since the late 19th century," he

said in an interview, and he went as far to say that this thing about a reversal and pink

once being a boy's color was probably an urban legend.

So, now it's confusing.

We must ask if indeed it's true that blue is a boy's color and pink is a girl's

color.

Is there something in our biology that makes it that way?

Do boys just like blue more and girls like pink more?

Scientists say this is just not clear, and there is no way of proving it as we can't

go back in time.

We are already influenced by societal norms.

Live Science tells us, "The debate about how, exactly, we got to the point where something

as impartial as the color pink seems infused with femininity, will probably rage on in

the pages of academic journals."

So, what we don't know is if girls and boys innately prefer one of the colors.

What we do know is that the rule hasn't always been there, but when the rule became

clear companies that made clothes pounced on it and it has never been reversed.

That's not to say boys don't wear pink, they do, but as little children they are more

likely to be dressed in blue then they are pink.

It gets more interesting, though.

Academics tell us that in the 50s and 60s during a strong movement of feminism the colors

became more unisex again.

Many people rebelled against these color norms as they thought that they contained inherent

gender bias.

People didn't want to follow the dogmas of gender norms and so for a while blue and

pink were again sitting on the fence.

In fact, some clothing labels totally dropped the idea of sex-appropriate colors.

Feminists argued that colors in themselves were not innately feminine or masculine, and

if you bought into that paradigm of blue for boys and pink for girls you were conforming

to a gender norm that just wasn't true.

Girls didn't have to be girly and boys didn't have to be boyish, it was a mixed up, muddled

up, shook up world, and the palette was everyone's.

We wonder how many of you will get the 60s gender reference in there.

But then in the 80s things changed again, according to one academic.

He said that because prenatal testing was developed, parents could go out and buy all

their baby stuff before the little parcel of flesh was delivered.

Those parents wanted to know what to buy, and manufactures were more than happy to tell

them what to buy.

You see, for those in the business of making or selling clothes, having this color binary

was a good thing.

Why?

Because if you bought blue for little Jack and a year later a little Jill springs to

life, the parents will have to buy another set of clothes.

We are told that the children of the rebels of the 60s were nothing like their parents,

and conformity was back in.

The 80s were garish and bright and perhaps fashion has never been more kitschy.

Little girls in bright pink was something you'd often see.

It was a peculiar decade, perhaps the one decade that people look back on with embarrassment

regarding what they wore.

Of course babies wear all kinds of colors, and gender neutral clothes are in fashion.

We know that for a long time parents have chosen to dress their kids in pastel colors

because these colors have a certain innocence and beauty.

Imagine if you looked at your baby pictures and in all of them you are dressed in black,

grinning at the camera, with your cute bright red bonnet on.

You might wonder if your parents were trying to cultivate a future Satan's slave.

So, even if you're against blue for boys and pink for girls because it offends your

sense of fairness, it's more than likely you'll still adhere to some of the rules.

The force is strong with color symbolism.

The BBC writes about what it calls the blue and pink gender myth, a myth in that girls

and boys are not inherently suited to one color.

It's society that manufactures this belief, says the article.

Kids in tests before the age of two when offered a blue or pink object didn't really have

a color preference, but after the age of two they conformed to the pink and blue norm.

After all, they see that everywhere.

In another test, kids aged three to five were given different colors to wear, and they kind

of formed sides, at the end of a few weeks the kids just liked their own color.

It didn't matter what it was.

Still this chicken and egg story remains unclear, because scientists still don't really know

if there has always been something a little more feminine in the color pink and that just

evolved over time.

It might not always be the case, but we must ask how we have ended up with this binary.

Did something natural happen, that was later pushed by society and manufacturers?

Science is still trying to find the answer to the riddle.

Some experts tell us women in their research indeed favored bright colors such as red and

pink, more than men did.

Some of those experts even said that women liked these colors because it was hard-wired

from our hunter-gatherer days, when men did the hard hunting and women did the gathering

of brightly colored berries and such.

Maybe that's a stretch, but it's worth considering.

Tests have been performed on men and women to see what colors they prefer, and pink is

not popular in most of these tests although women do like pink more than men.

More men pick blue than women do, but both sexes seem to like the color.

Anyway, we'll now hand this conundrum over to you and ask you what you think.

Tell us in the comments.

Also, be sure to check out our other show These Are The Signs

That You Are Going Through Puberty.

Thanks for watching, and as always, don't forget to like, share and subscribe.

See you next time.

For more infomation >> Why Is Blue A Boys Color? - Duration: 9:22.

-------------------------------------------

Is Sitting up Straight Actually Good Posture? - Duration: 5:03.

[♪ INTRO]

Hey, you! Sitting there all slouchy!

You gotta fix that posture and straighten out your spine.

Well, maybe not completely.

Your spine has all these curves in it, so it's not really straight in the first place.

Actually, with how your spine is naturally curved, how do we even know what good posture is?

Turns out, it's pretty difficult to define.

But we do know that some types of bad posture aren't so great for your health.

And it all has to do with your spine.

The spine is one of the most important structures in the human body.

It serves as the central support, and it protects the nerves in your spinal cord, allowing your

brain to communicate with your muscles and organs.

That's why it's so important to take care of your spine.

If you don't, there can be drastic consequences.

A massive 2010 study on the Global Burden of Disease estimated that lower back pain

causes more global disability than any other condition, affecting nearly 1 in 10 people worldwide.

To understand what causes this sort of back pain, and how posture fits into the picture,

you have to understand the shape of your spine.

Your spine isn't perfectly straight.

The bones, which are called vertebrae, aren't stacked neatly on top of one another.

Instead, your spine is curved in an S shape,

so the load from your torso is centered directly over your hips.

Two parts of the spine curve outward like a turtle shell.

Physiotherapists call this kyphotic curvature.

These sections are also called primary curves, because they have the same shape

from fetal development to adulthood.

But you also have secondary curves, which start kyphotic and slowly change after birth

until they curve the other way, which is called lordotic curvature.

The neck starts to switch when an infant can lift their head, and the lower back takes

shape when they begin to walk.

These secondary curves shift the center of mass of a child's head and torso over their

hips and feet, which makes balance easier while standing.

Now, these spinal curves can also change in adulthood.

For instance, when someone is pregnant, their lower back will become more

lordotic to account for the weight of the fetus.

In addition to bigger curvature, certain regions of your spine also have some subtle lateral

curves and rotation to account for the all the organs you're hauling around.

Interestingly, people with a rare condition called dextrocardia have hearts on the right

side of their torsos, like a mirror image.

And they also have mirrored spinal curves to account for the different weight distribution.

All this to say, your spine is clearly supposed to be curved in certain ways.

But unfortunately, there's not a gold standard for posture to accommodate these curves.

For starters, many claims about sitting with proper posture aren't

universally supported or strongly backed by science.

For example, simply changing your sitting posture doesn't seem to have a major impact

on your baseline metabolism.

So you won't be able to get shredded just from sitting at your desk in a certain way.

To make things even more complicated, many physiotherapists don't agree on what the

"best" posture should look like.

So these days experts are more likely to suggest regular movement and varying posture.

You may have noticed that standing desks have become pretty popular.

And on its own, extended standing hasn't been shown to be any better than extended sitting.

But mixing up your daily routine with sitting, standing, and walking

has been found to reduce the incidence of lower back pain in some people.

However, it's also important to acknowledge that some people, like those who use wheelchairs,

may not be able to adjust their posture that way.

Studies have shown that providing lower back support

can increase wheelchair users' lung capacity and flow.

That can be really important for people who can't breathe as easily.

In addition, wheelchair backs that support spinal curves can give users more vertical

range of motion of their arms and make it easier for them to push their wheelchairs forward.

So we don't really have a definitive "best" posture.

But therapists have identified a couple signs of bad posture that can cause back problems,

whether you're sitting or standing.

The classic example of bad posture is slouching, and for good reason.

Bending forward while you're sitting reverses the curvature of your lower back,

making it more kyphotic.

An easy way to fix this is to scoot to the back of your chair,

which helps realign your vertebrae.

And despite the wonders of smartphones, like being able to watch YouTube from anywhere,

they've actually led to a new type of bad posture.

So-called "text neck" is what happens when people are using a cell phone or

looking at a computer monitor that's positioned too low, and bend their neck sharply.

This posture fights against the normal lordotic curvature of your neck, and can lead to pain.

To avoid this, you might just need to position your screens closer to eye level, so you're

not bending your neck so much and can preserve those smooth spinal curves.

Of course, we aren't doctors here at SciShow.

So if you are concerned about any pain, a physical therapist can prescribe exercise

and posture aids to help your muscles and spine.

That's their job, not ours.

Sorry if you're super aware of your sitting posture now,

but thanks for learning all about spines and support with us here on SciShow!

And if you want to support our team and help us provide free,

fascinating science content every single day, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.

[♪ OUTRO]

For more infomation >> Is Sitting up Straight Actually Good Posture? - Duration: 5:03.

-------------------------------------------

How grape juice is made - Duration: 3:09.

I'm at the Welch's plant in Grandview.

Washington provides the majority of grapes

used in all those famous Welch's products we know and love.

I visited with senior operations manager, Brad Bigalk,

to talk about this local facility.

This location is a bulk facility for Welch's.

In a typical season

it could be anywhere from a 100 to 110 thousand tons

and so that produces roughly anywhere from 20 to 22 million

gallons of juice.

The two facilities here represent 22 million gallons,

which is the largest juice tank farm in all of North America.

So you're gonna show us a little about how it's all made.

Yeah. Absolutely.

Brad led me inside for a tour

of how their grape concentrate is uniquely processed

and shipped all over the world.

Whoa!

Wow! That's a lot of juice.

Yeah.

So basically what's happening is,

after the grapes have been crushed and the stems removed,

it gets pumped over to what we call a slurry tank.

Smells really good.

Yeah. I love grape processing. It has got a great smell to it.

I learned how adding cellulose

helps in the juice pressing process.

What cellulose does,

is it actually acts as a thickening agent

so when it gets put up to the press, it allows a body,

so when it gets pressed, more juice comes out from the solids.

Can I drop this in?

Yeah. Absolutely.

After the cellulose is added,

the juice is sent to a drag screen.

This process uses brushes

to push juice out of the grape solids.

So you are getting absolutely every last bit of flavor

and juice.

Yes.

Out of those grapes.

Correct.

The solids are then sent to another juicing process,

the unique, vertical screw press.

So this pressing part, is important to Welch's, correct?

Absolutely.

This is really what distinguishes Welch's

as a grape juice processor and what makes us unique

is solids that come off the drag screen

and it's further pressing it down,

so we're getting all the extra juice, color, and flavor

extracted and so then all the cellulose that was added,

a hundred percent of it is removed.

This is the remaining solids that come out of the press

and so you can see the majority of it is the cellulose.

Right. Yeah.

After the press,

the juice is sent to another process called concentrating,

where all that water is removed,

making an all-natural, pure concentrate

that is used to make different grape juice products.

The concentrate is poured into drums, sealed,

and then transported by rail and semis

to Welch's bottling facilities,

as well as, international markets.

And then they go out to the world.

And then they go out to the world and, you know,

all over Europe and Asian markets.

We like that.

Yeah.

We do to.

Yeah. Well thank you so much for the tour.

Oh, you're welcome.

It was fascinating.

It was really cool.

Absolutely.

Now we smell really good.

Yes we do.

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