damn shit yeah 3d you are the first Americans to see this launching of
Sputnik 1 from the desert of Kissel come in the Soviet Union the date October 4
1957
I'm Mike Wallace our title the race for space means the contest between the
United States and the Soviet Union for propaganda and military advantage our
program will show that contest and you will see American films and also Soviet
rocket films never before seen by anyone outside the intelligence services but
more important our program will show you that the race for space has always
involved a great ideal a dream that existed long before the Cold War one of
man's oldest dreams a trip to the Stars to understand the fascination of the
stars to understand why the dream of the exploration of space has so completely
captured the mind of the modern world you must let your imagination soar soar
like a rocket imagine not only the White Sands desert of New Mexico far below but
all the deserts of the world like Africa's famed Sahara imagine all these
deserts and all the other sandy wastelands of the world and now realize
that for every single grain of sand on earth there is a star in the sky think
of it for every single grain of sand a star in the sky
is it any wonder space is man's next frontier man's ceaseless striving to
leave his own world and to explore other worlds his search for other forms of
life has always been his destiny his greatest adventure
the real race for space
in 1898 the 20th century science of space travel was founded by this Russian
school teacher konstantin eduardovich Ziolkowski there have been many Russian
claims of firsts in science but it's been authenticated that 60 years ahead
of his time co Kowski stated that the development of rocketry would lead to
space flights and in nineteen three he designed and built this model spaceship
he also caught in a new word for the artificial earth satellites whose
creation he predicted he called them sputnik's the Russian word for fellow
travelers this is modern Kalugin shell cough skis birthplace where today we are
able to hear one of his granddaughter's Maurice and I shoot your knickers but
your grandfather had many visitors scientists correspondents and authors
grandpa would tell them fascinating stories of how people would someday fly
to different planets all day long he would work in his study making models of
rockets sometimes on starry nights my
grandfather would go to the roof of his house and dream of the day when people
would fly to the planets they were far more than dreams see all cough skis
ideas were the first scientific theories on space travel it is interesting that
it has always been these two nations Russia and the United States that have
from the very beginning led the way in this race for space for it was an
American doctor Robert Goddard of Worcester Massachusetts who turned
modern rocketry from a theorists dream into an engineering actuality dr.
Goddard began his rocketry researches as early as 1913 and in scientific circles
he soon won respect but it cost money which he paid out of his limited salary
as a college professor to conduct this historic test in this scientific
pamphlet published just after World War one he proposed using rockets to carry
scientific instruments to the upper atmosphere and to the moon we have with
us today the widow of this great rocket pioneer mrs. Robert Goddard mrs. Goddard
your husband was a dedicated man of science but I understand that after the
publication of the Smithsonian report many people called him the moon rocket
man I have here these clippings from the New York Times of January 12th and 13th
back in 1920 in which the Times editorial writer implied that your
husband didn't even know high school physics and that his Smithsonian report
was no more scientific than the science fiction novels of Jules Verne how did
your husband feel when he'd see articles like that of course this kind of
publicity hurt especially when it appeared in something like the New York
Times but he had spent many years working on the mathematical theory that
underlies jet propulsion he felt that the mathematics indicated that the
things he the predictions he had made the things he looked for were about to
come true therefore he did not let such things deter him from his
experiments I think that our audience should realize mrs. Goddard that you
were the camera man who photographed all of dr. Goddard's great firsts in
rocketry do you remember this historic shot oh yes indeed I do this was at
Auburn Massachusetts in 1928 it was one of the first flights of a rocket using
liquid propellants the rocket had become so large and the flights so long that we
knew it was becoming dangerous to test them in any densely populated area so we
moved to Roswell New Mexico where this new test stand was built and it was here
not far from today's White Sands proving ground that dr. Goddard established many
of the great firsts in rocketry during these tests there was always so much to
do and never enough hands or time to do it with with this flight and many other
successful flights his rockets sometimes obtaining nearly supersonic speeds of
700 miles per hour dr. Goddard established rocket history during these
years dr. Goddard developed the 214 patents that firmly established his
reputation as the pioneering genius of the new 20th century science dr. Robert
H Goddard died in August of 1945 while serving as director of research in jet
propulsion for the US Navy mrs. Goddard did your husband receive much
recognition while he was alive from fellow scientists yes and also in those
days it was possible to buy a copy of a patent for 10 cents I understand there
was a standing order for all Goddard patents that standing order came from
Germany thank you for being with us mrs. Goddard in post World War one Germany
they were a handful of idealists who'd heard him sell cough ski
and dr. Goddard and who believed in the dream of travel to the Stars the leader
of this group was a distinguished theorist dr. Hermann Oberth he along
with a few others formed the German Society for space travel one of the most
enthusiastic members of this little group was this 18 year old boy destined
to become one of the Giants of the American space program his name Wernher
von Braun
using some of Goddard's ideas and many of their own
the Germans experimented with the rocket in all sorts of ways
but after many failures they were learning what Goddard had already shown
that the greatest future for the rocket was in spaceflight
like Godard and many other scientists the German space club members were in
financial trouble and were about to disband at this desperate moment
Germany's most distinguished motion picture director Fritz Lang came to
their rescue he was about to make the world's first modern science fiction
movie frau amant or woman in the moon would the club members serve for money
as the movie's technical advisors the answer was yes you are now looking at
actual scenes from this German classic produced in 1928
to make the launching more dramatic Lang hit on the idea of counting backwards
until the actual moment for firing the German rocket pioneers then spread the
dramatic notion of the countdown throughout the world
most important of all in addition to money the space travel Club was also
paid with all the props they could walk off with these props were then used as
the actual components in the space travel society's rockets but it wasn't
long before the movie proceeds to had all gone up in smoke
and desperately the club began to look around for a new source of funds it soon
marched on the scene the German space fanatics wanted to get to the moon Mars
Venus the Milky Way this german phonetic merely wanted to get to england even the
vert side treaty had forbidden the conventional rearmament of germany but
it failed to outlaw rockets because back in 1918 there was no such thing as a
military rocket so to the German rocket club the Fuhrer and his aides proposed a
deal the army would finance all their experiments in rocketry provided first
priority was given to the creation of a long-range weapon they had little choice
the Gestapo informed them they must assist the army or be drafted to do the
same work
this is Peenemunde a-- a remote fishing village along the Baltic coast by 1936
the Nazis had moved most of the members of their German space travel society
here they had installed them in these top secret laboratories quickly
assembling the leading technical brains of Germany they appointed the youthful
Wernher von Braun as civilian chief of research when Braun had selected the
site of Pina Mulder and designed and built these tremendous test facilities
but now that the German space travel scientists had bigger and better money
and facilities they had bigger and better failures
but soon there were a few successful tests launchings propaganda minister
gurbles gleefully named the new weapon vengeance number two or just plain v2 by
1943 the v2 was nearly operational but occasionally one of the new birds would
wander crazily out of control one landed accidentally in neutral Sweden and the
wreckage was forwarded to the Alliance another landed in Poland alongside a
stream where the huge pieces were discovered by polish Patriots that night
the Polish underground radio of the Allies who immediately set out a plane
which brought the v2 wreckage back to alive supreme headquarters in London now
with both the Swedish and the Polish rekt deep twos in their hands the Elias
quickly reassembled them they now realized what sort of terror weapon they
were up against and that they had no defence whatever against it
the Allied High Command knew that if the Germans could build up a big enough
supply of these rockets they could destroy London and so pulverized the
English ports that the Elias could not use them for the invasion of France day
after day the Alliant reconnaissance planes scoured the European continent
luck was on the elide side when an RAF patrol bomber on reconnaissance over the
Baltic coast snapped an aerial photograph of the obscure fishing
village of Peenemunde at RAF intelligence headquarters this
photograph was developed and enlarged one of the German terror weapons was
plainly seen on a launching path the target for that night August 17 1943 was
Peenemunde 300 British heavy bombers took to the air
they plastered Peenemunde Oh with 1500 tons of high explosives and thousands of
incendiary the August 17th raid shattered Peenemunde the Germans were
forced to quickly move much of their production equipment from Peenemunde
to a huge new v2 assembly plant in the East German city of Nordhausen the
scientists stayed behind to carry on their research in underground
laboratories but it was on the mad mind at Adolf Hitler that the massive Allied
air raids on been Amanda had their greatest effect one night he had a
terrible nightmare he dreamed the v2 would never land on England he quickly
summoned Field Marshal Hermann Goering and confided his terrible dream to him
then Daffy resummoned the rest of his staff and in a decision that could very
well have changed the course of world history Hitler signed the cancellation
order for the entire rocketry project effective immediately
what 300 British bombers and thousands of tons of high explosives could not
achieve Hitler has the result of one bad dream did but at peenemünde oh when the
army informed von Braun and his associates of Hitler's decision they
would not give up in past moments of desperation the space travel enthusiasts
had made a movie very well now they would make another movie furiously
several reels of film were put together featuring only the successful rocket
launching at Staff headquarters they set up a special showing of this carefully
edited success story and they persuaded Hitler and his aides to attend and in
what may have been history's most important motion picture preview an
audience of one saw the picture heard the voice of the weapons creator von
Braun serving as narrator you are now watching the actual scenes taken from
this historic bill
no picture has ever played to a more receptive audience with his mania for
power the very notion of a Terra weapon from space
he found irresistible as he left the screening Hitler uttered these prophetic
words from now on he said Europe and the world will be too small to contain a war
with such weapons humanity will be unable to endure war he reinstated the
v2 project with the very highest priority within a few months the
perfected rockets were giving live performances
to London goes the dubious distinction of being the first spot on earth to be
bombarded from space
the v2 was indeed a weapon of vengeance
the invasion of Europe was now underway but one of the v2 in the words of
General Eisenhower if the Germans had succeeded in perfecting and using these
rocket weapons six months earlier than they did our invasion of Europe would
have proved exceedingly difficult perhaps impossible
the Allied armies swept through Western Europe the hour of liberation had come
Germany was overrun from the point of view of the German army in the spring of
1945 the v2 was too little and too late
and soon the American army from the West and the Russian army from the East met
at the river Elbe but even before peace was declared even as these brothers were
in each other's arms in the minds of their military leaders not very
brotherly thoughts were being born the v2 was ahead of its time though it had
no effect on the outcome of World War two it could very well determine the
winner of World War 3 it was at this moment that the race for space began in
earnest and there were two immediate prizes the stock of v2 parts at
Nordhausen and at peenemünde a-- the test equipment and the juiciest plum of
all the brilliant minds who have made the v2 possible as the European war
moved into its final weeks the American army had advanced close to these prizes
but under the agreement for occupation of Germany the United States would have
to turn all his territory over to the Red Army
the American officer on the spot was major general Hager and top toy then a
colonel in charge of ordnance technical intelligence in Europe and now
commanding general of the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland you have to
act fast general top toy what did you do our intelligence sources had told us of
the role dr. von Braun and his army Sapir Joan dornberger had played in the
development of the v2 program I believe that the brains of these men if we could
find them must be put to work on behalf the United States after all they were
the world's only experienced missile team I later cabled Washington and
requested authority to search for and bring 300 of the leading German rocket
scientists the United States I found I was champion a very unpopular idea so
before long I was in the Pentagon pleading the case in person I finally
succeeded in gaining approval not for the 300 German scientists which I had
requested but for only 100 this was the beginning of Operation Paperclip at the
same time I ordered my assistant Colonel James P Hamill then a major to get the
Nordhausen as fast as he could and to move out enough beat two parts to
assemble a hundred missiles before the Russians took the area over somehow
Hamlin his men found enough boxcars and quickly loaded them with the the two
component parts when I returned to Germany Hamill and his men had managed
to get these boxcars and their precious cargo into the American zone two days
before the Red Army moved in in terms of the biggest prize the brains who had
built the v2 we had previously received bad news our agents had gotten into pen
a Mooney found the place stripped and in ruins and the Red Army in control
there was no sign whatsoever dornberger von braun and the other scientists
terribly disappointed we presume that they were all eastward bound
we intensified Operation Paperclip in some unoccupied areas we had to
parachute our specially trained agents in on the chance that some of them might
still be found
in other places we set up key roadblocks
we found some important scientists but it looked like the ones we really wanted
had slipped through our net what we didn't know was that as the Russian army
approached pinna Mundi von Braun and their colleagues had rounded up a few
battered trucks they loaded these trucks with plans blueprints and choice
equipment they headed for a retreat in the mountains of southern Germany where
they hope to continue their work finally when it became obvious that Germany had
lost the war they decided in the words of von Braun to go with the West general
dornberger the v2 scientists in Vancouver and Braun surrendered dr. von
Braun's arm had been injured in an accident while fleeing to Bavaria with
the surrender of these scientists and the large number of e2 parts in our
possession Operation Paperclip was a resounding success
and so then you arranged passage of the 100 v2 scientists to the United States
well actually I took a hundred and twenty-seven oh this was the least that
I felt could form a completely integrated guided missile development
team of truly experienced specialists what about the scientists themselves
where there are a lot of unfavorable publicity and other problems and
bringing them here to the United States yes the president and the Congress were
petitioned to return these so-called enemy aliens to Germany posthaste but
the United States had much to learn about rocketry and these men dedicated
and experienced made very fine teachers so we stood firm well general top toyour
I think our audience should know that for your foresight and dedication to
duty and you're successful direction of the army missile program the United
States last year gave you its highest peacetime award the Distinguished
Service Medal and we surely appreciate your being with us
under Hitler there had been 3,000 scientists engineers and workers at
peenemünde most of these men and the heavy
equipment fell to the Soviet Union but as a result of Operation Paperclip the
cream of the crop in brain power was brought to the United States and so the
first round of the race for space wound up a draw the war was over and both
science was starting out even parts for a hundred v2 s were soon on their way to
a rendezvous with their creators but sometime during the crossing of the
Atlantic or maybe during the long trek across the American continent something
vital was lost what was lost was the sense of urgency
well the United States this was to be the decade for living it up the troops
had come home victorious at a time like this
who thinks about rockets or space a fun-loving country wanted to get back to
normal to home and family these were to be the
best years of our life from 1947 to 1957 there were 54 million new cars there
were 11 million new homes and over 3 million new graduates from American
colleges but what America was doing mostly during these years wasn't work
and it didn't require study we were having babies the biggest crop in
history 39 million births in ten years during the same years 50 million TV sets
were sold and by 1948 this was America's best known face
but from the world of milton berle to this other world it was quite a chain
here in grammar and high schools half the curriculum was devoted to science
the Soviet universities were especially booming training each year 150,000
scientists and engineers both men and women compared to the United States
70,000 the Soviets also tested thousands of their own newly developed missiles
these are the first publicly shown films of these Russian research rockets with
the knowledge gained from this rocket research with a tremendous surge of new
graduates from the technical and scientific schools it was not long
before new missiles rolled along the streets of Moscow
in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics there was a new look in
America however there were only a few dedicated men who believed in space who
kept working kept persuading kept patching together their missile programs
with a little money and a lot of hope during the early post-war period as an
example of their patchwork they made it this old warhorse v2 out of Peenemunde
Germany with this small young missile called the WAC corporal fresh out of
Pasadena California the v2 WAC corporal combination was America's first
two-stage missile it also marked for the first time the blending in action of
American and German rocket brains a combination that was destined despite
many setbacks to have its rendezvous with history
with the firing of this missile and the subsequent development of such rockets
as the Viking in the Atlas America's missile program was finally underway the
Soviet scientists were especially interested in space medicine they wanted
to know whether a dog could survive in space where there is neither air nor
weight but only uncharted fields of deadly radiation
with a camera placed onboard the rocket the Soviets shot this actual footage of
their dogs in space the dogs are here experiencing weightlessness as is shown
by the free flight of the loose boat in the foreground this bolt is completely
weightless
the dogs returned unharmed the next step place a dog in orbit around the earth
the Soviets were not secretive about their intention to creat earth
satellites with increasing frankness they discussed their plans with anyone
willing to listen or read and premier Khrushchev himself in August 1956
officially announced the Soviet development of an intercontinental
ballistic missile with a range of 5,000 miles if the Soviets could send up such
missiles they could also send up earth satellites the target date was 1957 the
International Geophysical Year a United Nations scientific study of the earth
the Russians announced that sometime in 1957 they would send up their earth
satellite the United States to promised to launch an earth satellite but in our
satellite program we Americans got badly bogged down why what happened we have
the money the resources and the scientific know-how unfortunately a
series of wrong decisions led us to frustration and failure we present the
following facts to salute the men who understood the importance of space the
failure to heed the advice of these men irrevocably altered the world's
situation and brought about America's present position in the race for space
now we present these facts facts based upon sworn testimony before the United
States Senate it is a fact that the United States could have fired the first
earth satellite as early as two years ahead of the Russians by 1955 the
scientific team under general top toy and dr. von Braun and developed a new
military missile called the Redstone which was highly successful they
proposed that a modification of the Redstone called the Jupiter sea launch
the promised American satellite at the same time there was another proposal
that a brand-new rocket the Vanguard the especially created to launch the Earth's
satellite even though with a new rocket there were far greater chances of
failure the untested Vanguard was chosen on the grounds that the satellite should
not be launched by a military rocket like the Jupiter C but rather by a
purely scientific device since it was to celebrate a United Nations event knowing
the odds were high against the Vanguard success General James C Gavin army chief
of research and development generals top toy and Medeiros doctors when brought in
Pickering and many others kept begging for permission to launch the satellite
with the Jupiter C immediately they were fearful the Russians would launch
there's any day each time they asked they were turned down then on July 29
1957 this order went out to the Armed Services let me read it to you
recent news stories which have described certain projects as spaceflight projects
have resulted in unfavorable reaction at Department of Defense and congressional
levels in any speeches or public releases planned by you or your staff
avoid the mention or the discussion of space space technology and space
vehicles and so by the summer of 1957 space had become a forbidden word in
Washington as autumn came in 1957 most of the men who believed in space were
silent throughout the country the long hot summer was over and the children had
gone back to school in Washington the space program was bogged down in
frustration but in the Soviet Union a lab a team
there are dates that schoolchildren in the United States are required to
memorize like October 12 1492 when Columbus discovered America now there
was a new date for Russian youngsters to remember October 4 1957 when Sputnik the
first Earth satellite was launched the new moon circled the globe every 96
minutes all the people on this vast shrinking planet have heard about it
many of them watched it all of them read about in the history of the earth no
other event had captured the imagination of so many people as this first step
into space at least the word space was now legal in Washington there were
high-level meetings there were press conferences and sober analyses of the
nation's new position there was prolonged national soul-searching by the
executive by Congress and by the military meantime the Soviet Union was
ready to launch its second punch in a row Sputnik 2 aboard this new satellite
Lika was to be the Earth's first traveler into space here is Lika in his
capsule which will be placed inside the satellite there were instruments to test
his reaction to cosmic rays radiation heat cold and weightlessness in these
exclusive Soviet films Sputnik 2 is shown in its pre-launch preparation the
Russian satellite weighed 1120 pounds 10 times heavier than the first Sputnik
on November 3rd 1957 commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Russian
Revolution the Earth's second artificial satellite went into orbit
the second Sputnik was not only a tremendous scientific achievement in
itself but in the information received on like as long flight into space
the Soviets gained of priceless advantage in any forthcoming race to put
a man in space in desperation the United States looked to the vanguard nearly 200
news men from all over the world were flown down for the big turkey shoot at
the launching site they were given a play-by-play account they witnessed each
tiny detail of the usually top-secret preparation
it was carnival time at Cape Canaveral all through the day and night thousands
of people thronged the nearby beaches and jetties waiting eagerly for the big
moment and inside the Black House the tension steadily mounted
America's prestige had never been lower than at this moment 11:45 a.m. December
6 1957 at Huntsville Alabama Major General John Medeiros commander US Army
Ordnance Missile Command had called a special meeting good morning gentlemen
be seated please have a very important announcement for
you we've been assigned the mission of launching a scientific earth settle and
we would use the Jupiter C configuration as a carrier that we developed along
with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory a promise to Secretary of the army that we
would be ready in 90 days or less let's go Warner for years they had
begged for this chance the deadline was 90 days but to put up a satellite within
90 days would require an unparalleled crash program the work was divided into
three vital areas the rocket carrier the instrumentation and the upper stage
scientific payload each had to be redesigned rebuilt and each had to work
right the first time here at Huntsville Alabama the rocket carrier development
program was the job of a crack team of over 3,000 scientists engineers and
technicians headed by dr. Wernher von Braun at the State University of Iowa
phase two the instrumentation its development was under the direction of
dr. James Van Alen he had already designed some of the
complex electronics instruments that the Vanguard was supposed to have hurled
into orbit having anticipated a possible Vanguard
failure he had designed his instruments so they could also fit into the tube
shaped satellite that the jupiter-c would carry into space
at their 150-acre research and development complex at Pasadena
California dr. William Pickering and his associates were racing toward the same
deadline 90 days to put a satellite in orbit their job phase three build and
package the Rockets upper stages that would take over once the jupiter-c had
lifted the satellite into space assembled the satellite appeared small
but if all went well seven and a half minutes from the time the giant missile
barring it would leave the earth the cylinder now called Explorer one would
be hurtling independently through space at a little over 18,000 miles an hour if
all went well Cape Canaveral Florida Wednesday 29 January 1958 eight days
before the deadline the Jupiter C was on its pad in position for launching but on
the morning of the 29th the weather was unfavorable with heavy thunderstorms and
jet streams aloft a 24-hour postponement was decided upon Friday 31 January the
weather is clear general Medeiros orders launch at 10:30 that night dwarfed by
the giant carrier rocket and the gantry the Explorer 1 satellite is carefully
fitted into place like a glittering jewel in a metallic say
at X minus 2 hours hi Dean an exotic and explosive fuel begins to flow into the
tanks
minutes click past the beams of powerful searchlights light up the missile truly
the star of one of the greatest suspense dramas of our time time late evening
Friday 31 January 1958 in a black house at Cape Canaveral Florida here is the
actual countdown or Explorer 1 the man directing the countdown is army
ballistic engineer Robert Mozer ok check the utility room fuel papers and notify
the blockhouse when we're clear to start generator
control polygon gyros on thank the modding has been completed
Roger
Connect assembly to igniter okay tie down the lead all your
protective past AFM TC telemeter calibration tape on check all operating
light the meters the proper operation fire panel check control panel tank
matric panel tech
our transfer tests on observe and record all voltages
Oh
telemeter indicate the jet pain - is deflected
this is honest scientist dr. Kurt Debus what do you want to do forget it okay
resume town
the missile is in flight but the success of its mission is still in doubt it will
take another hour and a half to know whether the satellite is in orbit and
this is the most tense and agonizing weight of all midnight general maderas
calls his assistant Colonel Leonard Orman who has kept a direct line opened
with the Secretary of the army hello Len he can send this off to the secretary
that our satellite is definitely on orbit now get that offer dinner in
Washington a new kind of American hero was born
men like Pickering Van Alen and von Braun with the scientific ability
foresight and determination they had shown were to lead America into the new
age of space this dedicated team had lifted our first satellite into orbit in
the contest for space the race was by no means tied up the Soviet Union with its
tremendous heaviest satellites was still ahead but the United States was
definitely in the race and ready for the next challenge now both sides had shot
satellites into orbit soon there were to be many more satellites heavier with
more complex and advanced electronic equipment but there is no collection of
electronic tubes as complex and as advanced as the brain of a man this was
to be the next contest the big contest the race took for a man into space for
space is man's new frontier the exploration of other worlds the
search for other forms of life is man's destiny and his greatest adventure
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