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THE SEARCH FOR ANOTHER EARTH - SPACE DOCUMENTARY - Duration: 18:17.

the famous Italian monkey Donna Bruno

and 1586 published a book in which he

said the Sun is a star and that the

earth was a planet and that other stars

certainly had planetary systems and

probably even had life then for that and

other radical things that he said the X

urge burned him publicly you could say

that extrasolar planets was a much

hotter field back then exoplanets were

almost as silly as looking for

extraterrestrials you know little green

men on other planets seriously looking

for planet was a kind of weird topic the

whole field had sort of a snake oil

sheen about it because over the previous

50 years or so there's been many many

claims of the first extrasolar planet

ever and the one thing all those claims

had in common was that they were wrong

Oh

in San Francisco California

astronomers Geoff Marcy and Paul Butler

were quietly looking for Doppler ships

changes in the observed color of light

from the star I literally spent the

first eight years of the program simply

trying to improve the techniques

involved in making these sort of

measurements mostly totally under the

radar nobody knew what we were doing and

nobody cared a ray of hope that it might

be possible to detect a planet came with

the discovery by Dave Latham and FEMA's

a of a mysterious object orbiting the

star HD 101-80 less and times the mass

of Jupiter they would have seen it to

this day it is not known whether this

object is a planet a brown dwarf or even

a low mass star but its discovery

emboldened to others to continue the

search a different and dangerous

approach to planet hunting was underway

in Canada the team of Gordon Walker and

Bruce Campbell employed the deadly gas

hydrogen fluoride in an attempt to

precisely measure Doppler shifts and he

showed me their setup in Canada at one

point one person would be in there doing

the setup and the other person would

have been outside of the room looking

through a porthole with two gas masks

and his job was if something went wrong

drawn a gas mask run the room throw the

gas mask on the other guy and drag him

the hell out any good science should

have an element of danger there should

always be at least the vague hint of

death involved otherwise you're not

really on the cutting edge

they really pioneered the whole field

just a spectacular achievement we're all

here because of the work that they did

in 1992 another incredible discovery

piqued the interests of astronomers

looking for exoplanets but these new

exoplanets were not orbiting a regular

star they were orbiting a pulsar two

very small bodies got detected at

Arecibo by Wilson and his colleagues and

they really got us scratching our heads

so we call them pulsar planets bullshit

and frailes somewhat of a special case

because I don't think anyone really

doubted that these were planets as much

at the time but they were planets around

a bizarre object a pulsar but they

really were the first two bodies to

orbit a dead star not a currently

shining star the formation of planets is

an incredibly robust process and that's

what that discovery told us and we

missed it because we we didn't

understand it we should have understood

that planets don't come in ones that

they come in systems but we were still

focused on finding the very first planet

halfway around the world in Geneva a

pair of Swiss astronomers were hard at

work developing a different technique

their instrument relied on fiber-optic

technology and they used it to turn

their eyes on exoplanets I first day of

work I got this this booklet from Michel

that was the ultimate knowledge of data

processing of spectroscopy that was

almost nothing at that time and and

that's it and we had to do this this

instrument and we designed this

practically without much support from

anybody else because the other people

felt that this was not interesting after

few months already at the end of 94 we

got a signal of viability for several

stars not only one several stars we

realized very rapidly that instrument to

be far more precise at without so I

started with a couple of star bit more

intensively and 50 watt Bank was under

them because it was bright and and very

rapidly 51 peg had a very weird behavior

on what side we were absolutely sure of

the quality of our measurement all the

signal was in favor of a planet but it's

evident it was a so unusual planet and

really felt at that time oh there is

something really bad in the software on

the instruments and I better to figure

out because otherwise my PhD would be

compromised over the next several months

the two astronomers checked and

rechecked their data the problem was no

one could imagine a giant planet with

such a short orbit so we came back in

July this time together with Michel very

excited say ok lo let's see whether the

conclusion that we had with the first

bunch of data we had still holds the

real moment where we we had the

confirmation of the reality of 51 peg it

was really a planet was in July 25 first

data just on it with okay just look

so go second data still on the curve you

say okay well two is father 62 it's not

enough the third one was still on it

following a track I mean and and then we

said well let's just wait the fourth to

be really really sure because he was so

so so embarrassing conclusion that

planet that we really want to make sure

that well I was will we got the good

period the good amplitude and so on so

at the time was really the time for the

celebration before we were not sure that

it was a planet

I mean think is a real planet believe it

or not is it does

there's no theory to predict that planet

but there's a planet here following days

of rumors circling the globe at a

conference in Florence Italy the news

unofficially leaked a jupiter-sized

planet had been discovered this massive

planet was making a complete orbit of

its star in only four days how could

that be suddenly this is 51 peg which is

a jupiter-sized planet but in a four day

orbit and people knew that was

impossible jupiter-like planets orbit it

like Jupiter and Saturn orbital

distances back in San Francisco Marcy

and Butler by mere coincidence had four

consecutive days of reserved telescope

time at the Lick Observatory the exact

amount of time needed to confirm or

debunk the claim

we get the star very hard for those four

nights we reduced the data as quickly as

we can we were blown away we saw exactly

the signal the mayor and Chlo had

announced confirming my data to me it

was just just the best gift I could have

had because I said off fine so all the

work I did is right here in San

Francisco the discovery was dramatically

verified just this past weekend October

19 1995 what may be the discovery of new

planets outside our solar system has

created enormous excitement among

astronomers the confirmation was made

before the official announcement of the

discovery itself it went completely out

of control

everybody was discussing of this new

object except us

by tradition scientists have their

discoveries peer reviewed by other

scientists for accuracy I was one of the

referees on the paper there were three

referees and normally I think they only

do two but this was so big that the

nature editor Leslie sage is being very

careful because of the situation's

nature was very strict I say well the

guys if you talk to people then then

we're not going to publish your paper so

it's only after one months or something

like this says I receive a message from

nature that okay no you you are relaxed

from say embargo because the discovery

was just too big just far too big to

follow the usual scheme that is required

for a scientific paper as soon as you

start talking about that I mean

everybody wanted to know about this

the to untag be is a real planet no

question about that

as soon as we detected hist one peg he

had on his date are plenty of something

like that

it just need to look at it this point we

hadn't analyzed all our data we had two

computers and it would have literally

have taken us five or six years to get

through all of the data so literally

about a half a dozen different groups

and you know we've just received these

new computers and we're not going to use

them for the next several months you

want to dump your jobs on it within two

months to other Jupiter's circling

around their stars were found by Marcy

and Butler and the floodgates of planet

hunting were now wide open

you know from no planets at all to the

point we were discovering a new planet

every month or even sometimes every week

and almost all of the planetary systems

that we found were very different from

the solar system weren't even similar at

in the least bit remember asking at a

meeting you know how long do you think

this will go on and I think Michelle may

or said huh maybe you know another five

or ten years and and then the game is

over fortunately the game just got a lot

more exciting

after getting my PhD I became aware of

this fellow at NASA Ames Research Center

bill Baruch II I would see him at all

these meetings they were very small

meetings back in the day and like he'd

literally be by himself out having

dinner so we would join him and chat

about things and he was very persistent

bill walked around the halls and

whenever the Ames managers saw him

coming they turned and walked the other

way bill Baruch II wrote a paper in the

1980s that described the transit method

when that planet passes in front of the

star the Starlight drops by a tiny tiny

amount and by measuring the brightness

of the star minute-by-minute we can

detect planets going in front of the

star and we call that the transit method

and detectors that could measure that

precise drop in brightness didn't exist

yet to be successful all we'll need to

do is build a photometer a thousand

times better than anyone ever built one

but I'd worked on the Apollo program

I've worked on other programs that's not

really that scary you just need to get

down to brass tacks and find out what's

required and build it there just is no

way finding small planets in orbit

slacks out of the earth unless they go

into space you must go into space he

kept getting shot down by the review

panels for various reasons and each time

he fixed the reason and go back a second

time they basically said it's not going

to work well bill brookie didn't bother

reading that report or at least did not

take it to heart kept on his crusade to

show that transit detection should work

he was able to demonstrate in the lab

that he could measure the precision

required to find earth-size planets

orbiting sun-like stars some people call

it stubbornness but the point is I knew

it would work so he proposed and REE

proposed and eventually he conceived of

a discovery class mission that was later

called Kepler it was 25 years between

the date of publication and the date

that Kepler actually launched one zero

and liftoff of the Delta 2 rocket with

Kepler on a search for planets in some

way like our own

Kepler just delivered so much

tremendously new things we never even

conceived of and the things that were on

our wish list Kepler found for us this

data was being displayed for the first

time on the computer monitors and there

was the transit of that jupiter-sized

planet and the data was like beads on a

string Kepler has transformed our

understanding of exoplanets what Kepler

was designed to do specifically was to

go after terrestrial or rocky planets

that are in closer orbits to stars we

now know from the Kepler data that

planets like the earth are in fact

common in the galaxy and that's

something we fundamentally didn't know

before Kepler the first exoplanet was

already diverse and Kepler continued to

find more and more planets that didn't

fit the norm both in size in composition

in distance from their stars so when you

think about how many stars there are in

our galaxy a few hundred billion and if

each one has one or maybe more we're

looking at a few hundred billion planets

to accomplish something great you have

to have persistence to succeed in

exoplanets we have to be very ambitious

and very bold

Kepler's impact was extreme certainly

more than I ever ever imagined it's

basically opened up an entire new era of

astronomy

now that we know that the galaxy is

teeming with planets we are ready to go

to the next chapter of planetary

exploration I truly believe that the

2020s are shaping up to be a golden age

for observational astrophysics you know

we have these amazing telescopes like

test the transiting exoplanet survey

satellite we have w first which is this

Hubble sized telescope that can see a

hundred times as much of the sky in each

image we have the James Webb Space

Telescope which is you know the largest

and most powerful telescope we've ever

built

you know the reason that we can even

dream about that and create something

like that is because of the success of

Spitzer and Hubble and the previous

great observatories I'm looking forward

to space-based missions where they're

going to have coronagraph technology and

maybe even star shield technology - in

order to image exoplanets by blocking

out the light from stars and we have the

next-generation large 30 meter class

telescopes on the ground which are going

to be coming online in the 2020s but the

question that has me most excited about

the future of astronomy is to answer the

question are we alone in the universe

finding evidence of life on an exoplanet

finding an indication of a living world

is within our reach what is life life

it's a process to transfer information

from one generation to another everybody

is interested in the search for planets

the search for places the reminders of

home we're looking for some hint of our

origins where we came from and

exoplanets may very well provide that

context there may be more habitable real

estate out there beyond our solar system

than we once thought

I think we're naturally curious to find

out if there are other conditions in the

universe that might be similar to our

own and finding exoplanets around other

stars is the first important clue the

search for planets is a search for life

and even though we didn't really say

that out loud

that was always in the back of our minds

I guess you're about the only person

around it doesn't have TV coverage of

the food I don't mind it

they got the flag up now you can see the

Sun in the sky from all around the TV

picture now happen

Neal yes we are going a

all program

but biathlete

For more infomation >> THE SEARCH FOR ANOTHER EARTH - SPACE DOCUMENTARY - Duration: 18:17.

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