Over 2,000 years ago
Hippocrates said all disease begins in the gut.
I am quite sure he was unaware of the trillions of bacteria that reside there and
how they influence health and disease.
Today, I'm happy to be here to tell you a little bit about the recent
hype that's associated with microbes and mental health.
What are microbes?
Microbes are
bacteria, they're viruses, they're fungi, they're protozoa,
they're parasites, and what might be surprising to you
is that all of the surfaces of your body are
covered with microbes.
When we consider microbes and mental health,
most of the attention has been placed on the gut bacteria.
Fun fact:
the weight of your gut bacteria is 3 kilograms
that is the same as
the weight of the average adult human brain and
in the last decade, researchers have
determined that your gut bacteria actually is critical to brain development and that
microbiota-brain interactions are actually important for brain health.
So what do we know about our gut bacteria?
There are a hundred trillion bacteria in your gastrointestinal tract.
There are more microbes than there are eukaryote cells in your body.
So you might have heard the term, microbiome.
Microbiome actually refers to all of the microbes and
all their related genetic material.
When we consider our commensal bacteria compared to our own DNA -
we're completely outnumbered.
What we learn from the human genome project is we have 26,000 human genes
our gut bacteria have over 2 million
genes and
so, we have this symbiotic relationship with our gut bacteria that starts at birth -
pretty much at birth -
and
it develops over the first year life and
it's critical to
brain development, to behavior.
In the past decade, we've learned that
individuals with disorders - using sequencing tools that allow us to map out the composition
that's in our gut bacteria - that there are differences with people with brain disorders.
Our DNA - our genetic makeup - is important to the bacteria.
In addition, diet and early lifestyle
influences competition in the diversity of the bacteria in our gut.
And it's understanding how the gene environment
interactions are important to brain and microbiota communication that we might actually start to understand
the basis of the heterogeneity in brain disorders.
In the past decade we've actually learned that some individuals with autism
have a different profile of bacteria in their gut and so the next
exciting phase of research is in fact our ability to determine how
treatments that might target the microbiota can improve the lives of individuals with autism and
the evidence to date is quite hopeful.
Thank you.
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